Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause* modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun.
An adjective clause follow a noun
© I met a man who is kind to everybody.
(d) I met a man who is a famous poet.
(e) I met a man who lives in Chicago.
noun + adjective clause
*grammar terminology
A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. There is two kinds of clauses:
independent and dependent.
- An independent clause is a main clause and can stand alone as a sentence.
- A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentences; it must be connected to an
independent clause.
(1) I met a man = an independent clause; it is a complete sentence.
(2) He lives in Chicago = a dependent clause; it is NOT a complete sentence.
(3) who lives in Chicago = a dependent clause; it is NOT a complete sentence.
(4) I met a man who lives in Chicago = an independent clause + a dependent
clause; a complete sentence.
USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
S V
(a) The man is friendly. He lives next to me.
↓
who
who lives next to me.
(b) The man who lives next to me is friendly.
In (a): He is a subject pronoun. He refers to “the man.”
To make an adjective clause, change he to who.
Who is a subject pronoun. Who refers to “the man.”
In (b): An adjective clause immediately follow the noun it modifies.
Incorrect:The man is friendly who lives next to me.
s v o
© The man was friendly. I met him.
↓
whom
o s v
whom I met.
(d) The man whom I met was friendly.
In addition to whom(m), *that clause can be used as the object is an adjective clause.
(e) and (f) have the same meaning.
An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause. (e), (f) and (g) have the
same meaning.
In (g): The symbol “Ѳ” means “nothing goes here.”
USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
s v
(a) The river is polluted. It flows through the town.
↓
which/that
s v
(b) The river which flows through the town is polluted.
© The river that flows through the town is polluted.
Who and whom refer to people. Which refers to things. That refers to either people
or things.
In (a): To make an adjective clause, change it to which or that. It, which, and that all
refer to a thing (the river).
(b) and © have the same meaning.
When which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause, they CANNOT be
omitted.
Incorrect:The river flows through town is polluted.
s v o
(d) The books were expensive. I bought them.
↓
o s v which/that
(e) The books which I bought were expensive.
(f) The book s that I bought were expensive.
(g) The books Ѳ I bought were expensive.
Which or that can be used as an object in adjective clause, as in (e) and (f).
An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause, an in (g).
(e), (f) and (g) have the same meaning.