ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

MERC 111

Prepared by Engr. John Joel Martinez

Course Description
This course is intended to provide computational techniques in
engineering applications. The course covers problem formulation,
mathematical modelling, numerical methods, and computer
implementation. The main topics include: error analysis of
approximation, numerical differentiation and integration, solution
of non-linear systems of equations, solution of ODEs based on
initial value problems and boundary value problems, solution
methods for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic PDEs. The
computer practice will involve programming.
Review on First Order Ordinary DE
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation that
contains one or several derivatives of an unknown function,
which we usually call y(x) (or sometimes y(t) if the
independent variable is time t). The equation may also contain
y itself, known function of x (or t), and constants. For example,

𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥

𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

′ ′′′
3 ′2
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦 =0
2
Partial Differential Equation, however, involves partial
derivatives of an unknown function of two or more variables.

𝛿 2𝑢 𝛿 2𝑢
2
+ 2=0
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

A function 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) is called a solution of a given ODE on
some open interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 if ℎ(𝑥) is defined and
differentiable throughout the interval and is such that the
equation becomes an identify if y and y’ are replaced with h
and h’, respectively. The curve (graph) of h is called a solution
curve.

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

Separable ODEs

Many practically useful ODEs can be reduced to the form

𝑔 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥)
By purely algebraic multiplications.

1. Find the general solution of the following ODE:

𝒚′ = 𝟏 + 𝒚 Ans. ln 𝑐 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥
𝒚′ = 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝒚𝟐 Ans. 𝑥 + 2 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 = 1

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

Exact ODEs

A first-order ODE 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called exact

differential form if
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
=
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥

1. Find the general solution of the following ODE:

cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Ans: sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

Non-exact ODEs

A first-order ODE 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called not

exact differential form if
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
≠
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
and can be solved by multiplying to a function F(x,y), called the
integrating factor.
1. Find the general solution of the following ODE:
3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3
𝑥2𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦+ =𝑐
2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑥+ tan−1 =𝑐
𝑥

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

Linear ODEs

A first-order ODE is said to be linear if it can be brought into

the form
𝑦 ′ + 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
By algebraic manipulation, and nonlinear otherwise.

1. Find the general solution of the following ODE:

2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ans. 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑐
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ans. 𝑥𝑦 3 = 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑦

Review on First Order Ordinary DE

Initial Value Problem
In most cases the unique solution of a given problem, hence a
particular solution is obtained from a general solution by an initial
condition 𝑡 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑦𝑜 , with given values 𝑥0 and 𝑦𝑜 , that is used to
determine a value of the arbitrary constant c. Geometrically this
condition means that the solution curve should pass through the
point (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) in the x-y plane. An ODE, together with an initial
condition is called an initial value problem.

Solve the following Initial Value Problem:

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥, 𝑦 0 = 5.7

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2
= , 𝑦 0 = −1
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑦 − 1)
Application Problems
1. A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to
the amount present. After one hour, 1000 bacteria strands are
observed in the culture; and after four hours, 3000 strands.
Find (a) an expression for the approximate number of strands
of the bacteria originally in the culture at any time t and (b)
the approximate number of strands of bacteria originally in
the culture.
Application Problems
2. A metal bar at a temperature of 100 °𝐹 is placed in a room at a
constant temperature of 0 °F. If after 20 minutes the temperature
of the bar is 50 °F, find (a) the time it will take the bar to reach a
temperature of 25°F and (b) temperature of the bar after 10
minutes.
Application Problems
3. A tank initially holds 100 gal of brine solution containing 20 lb
of salt. At t=0, fresh water is poured into the tank at a rate of 5
gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same
rate. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Application Problems
4. Consider the series circuit above, assuming that the
electromotive force (emf) applied to the circuit is a dc voltage E
and the intitial current is zero. Determine the current flowing
through the circuit at any time t.
Problem Set # 1

Due date: July 14, 2018