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BASE, RATE, AND PERCENTAGE

RATIO AND PROPORTION


Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. identify and define base, rate, and percentage;
2. explain the relationship among base, rate, and
percentage;
3. solve for the base, rate, and percentage;
4. define ratio and explain how it is used in business;
5. define proportion and discuss how it is used in business;
and
6. differentiate direct proportion, indirect/inverse
proportion, and partitive proportion, and apply them in
business.
Base, Rate, Percentage

Base (B) refers to the number of which


a certain number of hundredths is taken
Rate (R) refers to the number of hundredths taken
Percentage (P) is the part considered in its
quantitative relation to the whole,
it is the part of the whole

P = BR
Finding the Percentage
We find the percentage by
multiplying the base and the rate P = RB
1. Fifty percent of 24 is what?
Given: R = 50% B = 24
1
P = BR = (24)(50%) = (24) = 12
2
2. Twenty-three percent of ₱365 is what?
Given: R = 23% B = ₱365
P = BR = (₱365)(23%) = (₱365)(.23) = ₱83.95
Finding the Base
To find the base, 𝐏
we divide the percentage by the ratio B=
𝐑
1
1. If I have ₱25 which represents of my entire
4
money, how much money do I have in all?
1
Given: P = ₱25 R=
4

P ₱25 4
B = = 1 = ₱25 × = ₱100
R 1
4
Finding the Rate
To find the rate, 𝐏
we divide the percentage by the base R=
𝐁
1. What part of 400 is 50?
Given: B = 400 P = 50
P 50 𝟏
R= = =
B 400 𝟖
2. How many percent of ₱1,200 is ₱400?
Given: B = ₱1,200 P = ₱400
P 400 𝟏
R= = = = 0.333 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%
B 1200 𝟑
Finding the Rate of Increase/(Decrease)

𝐐𝟐 −𝐐𝟏
Rate of Increase/(Decrease) =
𝐐𝟏
where Q1 = original quantity
Q 2 = new quantity

The difference (𝑄2 − 𝑄1 ) is positive if it is an increase,


and a negative if it is a decrease
Finding the Rate of Increase/(Decrease)

Zeny’s current salary is ₱3,600 a month. Her previous salary


was ₱3,200. What is the rate of increase in her salary?

Given: Current salary = ₱3,600 = Q 2


Previous salary = ₱3,200 = Q1

Q2 − Q1 ₱3,600 −₱3,200 ₱40


R= = =
Q1 ₱3,200 ₱3,200
1
= = 0.125 = 12.5%
8
Ratio
Ratio is a relation between two numbers or two
magnitudes of the same kind.
1
1:2, , 1÷2 indicate ratios
2

Two ways of finding the ratio:


1. Division
2. Comparing numerators of fractions with the same
denominator
Proportion
Proportion refers to the equality between ratios.
means

1 : 2 = 8 : 16
extremes

product of means = product of extremes


2 × 8 = 1 × 16
16 = 16
Type of Proportions
1. Direct proportion
- as one value increases/decreases, so does the other

2. Indirect/inverse proportion
- as one value increases, the other decreases

3. Partitive proportion
- identifying parts of a whole based on a given ratio of
these parts
Direct Proportion
If three notebooks cost ₱15, how many notebooks
can you buy with ₱60?

The number of notebooks is directly proportional to the cost.


3 x
=
₱15 ₱60
(3)(60) 180
x= =
15 15
= 12 notebooks
Inverse Proportion
In a rectangle, as the length of one side doubles, the
width has to be halved for the area to stay the same.

A 5 cm x 4 cm rectangle has an area of 20𝐜𝐦𝟐 .

If the 5-cm side becomes 10 cm (doubled),


the 4-cm side becomes 2 cm (halved),
10 cm x 2 cm is still equal to 20𝐜𝐦𝟐 .
Partitive Proportion
When a partnership agreement stipulates an agreed
capitalization of ₱100,000 and the partners are to divide the
said capitalization in the ratio of 1:2:2, we get the
corresponding parts as follows:

1
X = × ₱100,000 = ₱20,000
5
2
Y = × ₱100,000 = ₱40,000
5
2
Z = × ₱100,000 = ₱40,000
5
= ₱100,000
Exercises:
1. ₱45.50 is 25% of what amount?
1
2. 3 of 125 is what number?
2
3. What part of 360 is 18?
4. What is the percent of increase/(decrease) of an item on
sale at ₱55 with an original price of ₱125
5. The number of dogs in a park is double the number of
cats, and the number of cats is half the number of birds. If
there are 84 animals in the park, how many of each animal
are there?
6. A fort can be finished by 30 men in 10 days. If 5 of them
decided to leave, how long can the rest do the job?

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