Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
m1 m2
v1
W1 W2
F Compressed Zone
Stress, s = F/A
Wavespeed, c = dL/dt
Cross-sectional area, A
Elastic modulus, E
Mass density, r
GRL Particle Velocity
dL
FF F
dx
Particle Speed
dx = F dL Wave Speed
EA v = dx = F dL = F c
dt EA dt EA
GRL Wavespeed
a = dv = d Fc F = ma
dt dt EA = dL Ar a
v=Fc
EA dL
c2 =A Er F1 c
F1 = dL
c
dt rE A
Cross-sectional area, A
SI US
Mass density, r
GRL Force, velocity, stress and
strain
Particle Speed
Wave Speed Pile Impedance
v = d x = F dL = Fc F = EAv
dt EA dt EA c
= Zv
F=s=vE s=e=v
A c E c
SI US
GRL Force and Velocity
Measurements
2W Accelerometer
Strain transducer
GRL Measuring stress waves
C
T F = sA = e EA
C
T C
T
C
T C
T Strain Transducer
spring
mass
cantilever
quartz
crystal
v = a.dt
GRL Sign Conventions
Force:
•Compression - positive (+)
•Tension - negative (-)
Velocity:
•Downward - positive (+)
•Upward- negative (-)
GRL Infinite Pile
Compressive
stress-wave
x = constant
F(x,t)
v(x,t)
MotionWavespeed,
down pile
Compression = +ve=c+
F = EAv
c
= Zv
Cross-sectional area, A
Elastic modulus, E
GRL Time domain - infinite pile
Exponential
Decay
F = EAv
c
GRL Finite pile with free end
+
incident force wave
+F
Free End : F = 0
GRL Direction of Motion
C V
Force + F= Zv Velocity +
V
T
Force - Velocity -
GRL Direction of Motion
V C
Velocity + Force -
GRL Finite pile with free end
F-
F+,, v+
x = constant
+ +v
+v
incident wave pushes pile down
+
reflected tension wave pulls pile down
response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c
Zv
Characteristic tension
F
response - velocity
increases relative to force
SI US
GRL Finite pile on rigid base
+
incident wave pushes pile down
+v
GRANITE
-v
Fixed End : v = 0
GRL Finite pile on rigid base
v-
v+,, F+ +C
x = constant +F
+F
incident wave pushes pile down
+C
reflected wave pushes pile up
GRANITE
Fixed End : F doubled
GRL Time domain - pile on rigid
base
response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c
Characteristic compression Zv
response - force increases
relative to velocity
SI US
GRL Separation of Waves
Downward Waves Upward Waves
F=F½(F+Zv)
=Zv FF
=
=-Zv
½(F-Zv)
F = F+ F
E=mc2 SI US
v = v+ v
GRL Waves example (SI)
GRL Waves - pile on rigid base
F = ½(F + Zv)
Zv
GRL Time of reflection
F=½(F+Zv) F
exponential decay
returning compressive
reflections lift pile-top
force….
...and slow the pile-top
down relative to the
“no resistance” pile
F=½(F-Zv) F=½R
Rshaft @ 2F@ 2L/c
SI US
GRL Shaft resistance (SI)
Problem: Make an approximate estimate of the
pile shaft resistance.
1420kN
-1.32m/s
• Answer:
• Z = 2340/3.34 = 700 kNs/m
• Rshaft @ 2 x Fé@ 2L/c
• Rshaft @ 2x ½(1420-700x-1.32) = 2344 kN
GRL Conclusion
• Pile driving events can be evaluated using
1-D Wave Mechanics principles
• Stress-waves cause changes in force and
particle velocity
• Force and velocity are related by the pile
impedance
• Waves travelling both up and down a pile
can be separated by F and V measurement
• Soil resistance causes reflections which
can be interpreted to determine extent and
location of resistance
GRL Case-Goble Capacity
A pile is struck at time t1.
The impact force generates a wave F(down,t1)
L
F(,t1)
F(,t2)
F(,t2) = - F(,t1) + R
Or, rearranging we solve for the resistance:
Rstatic= R - Rdynamic
Jc = ? SI US
GRL Case Damping Factor
Jc = Jv Z Rd = Jc Z v
Jc = ?
GRL Case-Goble Static
Resistance
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic
Rstatic= R - Rdynamic
Jc = ? SI US
Case Damping Factor
GRL Values for RMX
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
100 days
1000 days
1 day
10 days
capacity
log time
GRL Mobilized Resistance
Ultimate Resistance
Resistance, R
Mobilized Resistance
Displacement for
full mobilization
Maximum test
displacement
Displacement, x
GRL Resistance:
Rules for good correlation
• Case Method
• measured by PDA during installation
• CAPWAP
• by numerical analysis of measured
PDA data after installation
GRL The Pile Driving Analyzer
calculates ...
GRL … PDA Results