4.

0 SEWER APPURTENANCES

Tutor:
Group Members:
Sharmistha, 151 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj
Shikshita, 152 Paudel
Shrijan, 153 Department of Civil
Shubham, 154 2018-07-30 Engineering
Siddhi, 155
Sital, 156 IOE, Tribhuvan University
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Objectives of the Presentation

To be familiar with various sewer appurtenances

To know about the working of sewer appurtenances

Presentation outlines 3

1. Definition of Sewer Appurtenances

2. Necessity of Sewer Appurtenances
3. Manhole
4. Drop manhole
5. Lamp hole
6. Street inlets
7. Catch basin
8. Flushing device
9. Sand, grease and oil traps
10. Inverted siphon
11. Sewer outlet
12. Ventilating shaft
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Sewer appurtenances

Definition:
Sewer appurtenances are the various essential
accessories or devices for the proper maintenances
& efficient operation of sewerage system.
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1. Necessity of sewer appurtenances

1. To inspect the sewer.

2. To help in cleaning the sewers.

89

Fig. Inspection of sewer

Source: http://www.surrey.ca/city-services/17499.aspx
1. Manhole
6

89

Fig. Manhole
Source: http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/label/Sewer%20Appurtenances
 1. Manhole
7
1. It permits inspection and cleaning as well as repair of sewers, and
removal of any obstructions; and, also they allow sampling and flow
measurement.
2. Most manholes are circular in shape, with the inside diameter of 4 ft
(1.25 m) has been widely adopted.
3. These are provided at every bend, junction, change of gradient or
change of diameter of the sewer.
4. The sewer line between the two manholes is laid straight with even
gradient.
5. It consists of working chamber, an access shaft & a strong cover on
the top.
6. The lower portion of a deep manhole is known as a working chamber
and it provides a working space to carry out cleaning and inspection of
sewer line.
7. Access shaft provides access to the working chamber.
8. The manhole cover of RCC is provide to cover the opening.
 2. Drop manhole 8

1. When it is uneconomical or impracticable to arrange

the connection with 60 cm of invert of the sewer and
manhole, then vertical shaft is constructed outside the
manhole chamber through which the sewage of branch
sewer is allowed to enter the manhole.
2. Such a manholes which drop the level of invert of the
incoming sewer by providing a vertical shaft are called
drop manhole.
3. The main purpose of drop manhole is to avoid the
splashing of sewage on the man work.
2. Drop manhole
9

Fig. Drop Manhole

Source: http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/label/Sewer%20Appurtenances
 3. Lamp hole
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1. A lamp holes are the
opening or holes are
constructed in a sewer for
the purpose of lowering a
lamp inside it.
2. It is a vertical stoneware or
concrete pipes which are
connected to the sewer line.
3. The pipes are surrounded
by concrete to make them
stable.
Fig. Lamp hole 4. At the ground level, the
Source: manhole cover with frame is
http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/labe provided to take up the load
l/Sewer%20Appurtenances
of traffic.
 4. Street Inlets 11

1. It is an opening through which storm water and surface

water flowing along the street are admitted and
conveyed to the storm water sewer or combined sewer
by means of pipes.
2. These are placed at the road, gutters, generally at street
junctions.
3. It should provide in a such way that it will not cause any
interference with the traffic.
4. Curb Inlets, Gutter Inlets & Combined Inlets.
 4. Street Inlets
12

Fig. Curb Inlet Fig. Gutter Inlet

Source: http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/label/Sewer%20Appurtenances
5. Catch Basins 13

1. Catch basins are used to interrupt the flow of sewage

before it enters the sewer, causing deposition of
suspended grit and sludge and the detention of
floating rubbish which could enter and clog the sewer.
2. However, their use is discouraged because of the
nuisance due to mosquito breeding apart from posing
substantial maintenance problems.
3. At the bottom of the basin space is provided for the
accumulation of impurities.
4. Perforated cover is provided at the top of the basin to
admit rain water into the basin.
 5. Catch Basins 14

Fig. Catch Basin

Source: http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/label/Sewer%20Appurtenances
6. Flushing Device 15

1. Arrangement which holds water and then throws it

into sewer for flushing it.
2. Sewers need flushing when certain reaches of sewer
have unfavorable combination of low slope and low
tributary sewage flow i.e. have chances of blockage
also placed at dead end point of sewer.
3. Two methods of flushing
• hand operated flushing operation
• automatic flushing tanks
 6. Flushing Device
16

Fig. Automatic Flushing

Device
Source: http://dirtyfluid.blogspot.com/search/label/Sewer%20Appurtenances
 7. Sand, grease and oil traps 17

1. Grease in sewers results in the formation of

incrustations that are difficult to remove and cause a
substantial loss in the capacity of the sewer.
2. The presence of oil and gasoline has resulted in
explosions in the pipes.
3. Grease, oil, and gasoline are removed by traps
placed in the plumbing systems.
4. A general feature of grease and oil traps is the
provision of a channel which forces the sewage to
flow downwards, beneath a free surface, while
passing through the trap.
5. Floating grease and oil rise to the surface on the inlet
side of the trap, from which they may be cleaned
through removable covers on the structures.
7. Sand, grease and oil traps 17

Source: https://www.septicmedicaz.com/sand-oil-grit-trap-interceptors.html
8. Inverted Siphon
19
1. A sewer line has sometimes to be laid across a
stream, a highway cut, or any other similar
obstruction, either below or' above the ground level.
When the profile laid below the ground, that portion of
the sewer is known as inverted siphon (or, a
depressed sewer).
2. This section of sewer lies below the hydraulic grade
line, flowing full and under pressure.

Source: http://www.engineeringenotes.com/sanitary-engineering/design-of-
inverted-siphon-with-diagram-sewer-sanitary-engineering/17143
 9. Sewer Outlet
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1. Storm water and treated water may be discharged into
small or large water bodies via sewer outlet.
2. Outlets to small streams
are similar to the culverts,
consisting of a simple
concrete head wall and
apron to prevent erosion.
3. Sewers discharging into
larger bodies of water are
usually extended beyond
the banks into fairly deep
water where dispersion
and diffusion will aid in
Fig. Sewer Outlet the mixing sewage with
Source:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/e the surrounding water.
ngland/hampshire/4743629.stm
 10. Ventilating shaft
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1. The ventilating shaft is desirable
to prevent the accumulation of
dangerous explosive or corrosive
gases.
2. The ventilating shaft prevents the
creation of pressures (above or
below atmospheric) that may
break water seal in plumbing
traps.
3. In case of stormwater, this can be
done by providing ventilating
manhole covers.

Fig. Ventilating Shaft

Source: http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/listed/pipecodsall.htm
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