BAHAGIAN HIGIEN NDUSTRI DAN ERGONOMIK

JABATAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN MALAYSIA

 Understand the Introduction Of Ergonomics
 Understand the Principle Of Ergonomics
 List down the Ergonomics Risk Factor at
workplace
 Provision Safety and Health on Ergonomics

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 ERGON + NOMOS = ERGONOMIC
Work + Law = Law of Work

The science of fitting the task and working

environment to the worker.
Adoption of the job and workplace to the worker
by designing tasks depending upon:
 worker’s capabilities
 limitations
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 is concerned with human  is concerned with mental processes,
anatomical and anthropometric such as memory, reasoning, and
as they relate to physical motor response, as they affect

activity interactions among

humans and other elements of a
system.

 Relevant topics include working  Relevant topics include mental

postures, materials handling, and workload, decision-making, human-
repetitive movements computer interaction, human
reliability and work stress as these
may relate to human-system design

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 Few aspects of ergonomics

Safety, Comfort, Ease

 Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a
sick person who may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more
easily see the dosages and label.
 Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal
viewing.

 Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright,

drawing one’s eye to the light when surroundings are dark.
 Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast principles.

 Ease of use - Street Signs: Sometimes it is difficult to spot street

signs.
 This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in
ergonomics.
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Adapt and shape things,
machinery, jobs, tasks,
environments to fit people.
Do not expect people to adapt
or shape to fit things.

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 Fit things to
people, not
people to
things

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 Don’t expect
people to fit to
things. Fit things to
people.
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 Keep Everything in Work At Proper
Easy Reach Height
Work in Natural Reduce Excessive
Posture Motion

Improve organization Reduce Excessive

of your work Force

Maintain Comfortable
Provide Clearance
Environment

Minimize Pressure Minimize Fatigue And

Points Static Load

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 Work in Natural
Posture

Maintain S-Curve
C-curve place strain – Inverter V-curve place greater strain –
Put one foot up -
good lumbar support improvement use lifter
footrest

Keep the neck aligned Keep Wrists in

Neutral Keeps elbows at sides
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 Keep Everything in
Easy Reach

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 Work At Proper Reduce Excessive Reduce Excessive
Height Motion Force

reducing force is to use a hoist

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 Minimize Fatigue And Minimize Pressure
Static Load Points

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Maintain Comfortable Improve organization
Environment of your work

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to maximize health and safety,
productivity, satisfaction of
human needs and wants.

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WHY WE DON’T EXPECT PEOPLE TO FIT
TO THINGS?

 Demands and stresses imposed could leads

to:
 discomfort
 errors
 lower productivity
 dissatisfaction
 injuries

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accidents 16
 Why Ergonomics is Important?
Kim Vicente, a University of Toronto Professor of Ergonomics,
argues that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl is attributable
to plant designers not paying enough attention to human
factors.

Cognitive Ergonomics
"The operators were trained but the complexity of the
reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their
ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to
the disaster]." Program Second From Disaster

Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to

work demands-Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive
strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
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Ergonomics caters for differences between
people One size does not fit all
 Physical– size, shape, strength, flexibility,
disability, skill
 Intellectual, Emotional
 Needs and wants
 Senses – hearing, vision,
 Experience, background, training
 Ethnicity, language, culture

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Factors to consider to get a good fit
Knowledge regarding human factor is essential:
Anthropometry
 measure of size, weight and proportions of the body.

Biomechanics
 forces in the body

Anatomy
 structure of the body

Physiology
 how the body works

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Risk Factor due to work activities/task which can lead to fatigue,
MSD symptoms and injuries or other types of problem.
Environmental Psycho-social
Primary risk factors Physical Stressors
Factors Factors
• Awkward postures • Vibration • Temperature – hot/ • Feeling stress,
• Excessive forces • Low Temperature cold fatigue
• Extreme frequency • Soft tissues • Noise • Feeling
of movement compression • Lighting overloaded, too
• Impact Stress much work
• Glove issues • Monotony, bored,
too little stress
• job security and
satisfaction
• Morale: poor
profits, poor
supervisor, poor
management
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Risk of Injury
 Due to exposure to risk
factors
 Depends on:

 duration (how long)

 frequency (how often)
 magnitude (how intense)

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ERGONOMICS INJURIES…..
 Over-exertion injury
 occurs when a body part fails under peak
loading, because its mechanical strength is
exceeded

 Over-use injury
 occurs when the rate of damage to a body
part exceeds the rate of repair/recovery

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 Relevant provisions in OSHA 1994 and FMA
1967
 Guidelines & MS in Ergonomics
 Conclusions

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  a)To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons
at work.
 b)To protect person (other than person at work) at
place of work.
 C)To promote the occupational environment adaptable
to the person’s physiological and psychological needs
 d)To provide the means towards a legislation system
based on regulation and industry code of practice in
combination with the provisions of the Act.
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Duty of employer to control
 General duties of employers and self-employed
persons to their employees
 Section 15(1):It shall be the duty of every employer
and self-employed person to ensure, so far as is
practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work
of all his employees.

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Duty of employer to control
OSHA 1994 Section 15(2)
Without prejudice to the generality of
subsection (1), the matters to which the duty
extends include in particular -
a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that
are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health;
b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable,
safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or
operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances;
c) provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision
as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and
health at work of his employees;
d) So far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the
control of the employer or self-employed person, the maintenance
of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the
provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress
from it that are safe and without such risks
e) The provision and maintenance of a working environment for his
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employees that is, so far as practicable, safe, without risks to health
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and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work
Duties of employee
OSHA 1994 Section 24

a) To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and
of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at
work;

b) To co-operate with his employer or any other person in the

discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on the employer or
that other person by this Act or any regulation made thereunder;

c) To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing

provided by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his
safety and health; and

d) To comply with any instruction or measure on OSH instituted by

his employer or any other person by or under this Act or any
regulation made thereunder.
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Provisions of OSHA 1994 Ergonomics

• Section 15 Duty of employer & Self-

employed person on safety, health & welfare
at work of all his employees.

• Section 4
“To promote an occupational environment which is
adapted to the physiological and psychological need of
workers”

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FMA 1967 and IT’S REGULATIONS

• Section 10 - provision relating to safety

– Safe access
– [Regulation 7 of the safety , health and
welfare regulation 1970)
• Section 12
– No person shall be employed to lift load so
heavy so as to cause bodily injury to him

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 FMA 1967
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(Section 24 Personal protective clothing and
appliances)
 Section 24, Where in any factory persons are
exposed to a wet or dusty process, to noise, to
heat or to any poisonous, corrosive or other
injurious substances which is liable to cause
bodily injury to those persons the minister may
prescribe the provision and maintenance for use
of those persons suitable and adequate personal
protective clothing and appliances including
where necessary goggles, gloves, leggings, caps,
foot-wear and protective ointment or lotion.

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FMA 1967
Section 24-personal Protective Clothing
• “Provide suitable and adequate personal protective clothing
and appliances including where necessary goggles, gloves,
leggings, caps, foot-wear and protective ointment or lotion.”

Regulation 32 of the safety, health and welfare regulations

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 FMA 67 (70)
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (SAFETY,
HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970
(CONFINED SPACES)
 Regulation 13(1) Where any work has to be done
inside any chamber, tank, vat, pit, pressure or other
vessel or other confined space in which dangerous
fumes are liable to be present to such an extent as
to involve risk to any person being overcome
thereby, such confined space shall, unless there is
other adequate means of egress, be provided with a
manhole; such manhole may be rectangular, oval or
circular in shape, and shall not be less than sixteen
inches wide or not less than eighteen inches in
diameter if circular.

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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970
– Reg 13 (2)
No person shall be required or permitted to enter any
confined space unless:-
a. All practicable steps have been taken to remove any fumes which may be present
and to prevent any ingress of fumes;
b. It has been ascertained by a suitable test that the confined space is free from
dangerous fumes;
Provide that where such test cannot be carried out, the
person entering a confined space shall wear an efficient
respiratory protective device suitable for the dangerous
substance that is to be expected and a suitable safety belt
with attached life line of adequate dimensions leading to a
convenient point outside the tank or vessel.

c. A reliable and competent person is stationed at the entrance to the tank or vessel
to supervise the operations ant to take such action as may be necessary in any
emergency
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HYGIENE FACILITIES
Regulation 23 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations

 KEEP THEM CLEAN.

 LEAVE THEM IN THE SAME CONDITION AS YOU

WOULD LIKE TO FIND THEM.
Work space for each worker

Regulation 24 of the safety, health and welfare

regulations- >400ft3

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Securing and maintaining adequate ventilation
 Regulation 25 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations - >10 air changes/hour for clean process,
>20 air changes/hour for process where there is a lot
of fumes, smoke and heat.

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LIGHTING
Regulation 29 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations

 Securing and maintaining suitable lighting

 Must Allow NO Eye Strain

 Eliminate GLARE AND REFLECTION

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Temperature Extremes
Securing and maintaining temperature

Regulation 28 of the safety, health and welfare

regulations

• Environmental conditions such as extreme

heat or cold can place stress on tissues.
• Extreme cold constricts blood vessels and
reduces sensitivity and coordination of body
parts.
• Excessive heat can result in increased fatigue
and heat stress.

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 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970 –
Regulation 30 (1) & 30 (2)
Regulation 30 (1), stipulated that in every factory where persons employed have
in the course of their employment, reasonable opportunities for sitting
without detriment to their work, there shall be provided and maintained
suitable and sufficient seating facilities for their use.

Regulation 30 (2), prescribed that:

a) there shall be provided and maintained for any person employed in that
work a seat of a design, construction and dimensions suitable for him and
the work, together with a foot-rest is necessary to support his feet in
order to reduce fatigue; and

b) the arrangement shall be such that the seat is adequately and properly
supported while in use for the purpose for which it is provided.
 2003

GUIDELINES
Guidelines related to the ergonomics.
 Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health In The
Office 1996
 This guide outlines minimum standards for the Occupational Safety and Health for
workers in the office.

 Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health For

Standing At Work 2002
 Guideline On Occupational Safety And Health For
Seating At Work 2003
 These guidelines explain how suitable seating contributes to the safety
and health of people at work, for example by helping to prevent back
pain

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 2003

GUIDELINES
Guidelines related to the ergonomics.

 Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health For Working With

Video Display Units (VDU’s) 2003
 This booklet provides explanation of questions that are most commonly asked about
VDUs and its also suggests simple adjustment that can be made to the workplace to make it
more comfortable and minimized.

 Guidelines On Occupational Vibration 2003

 The guidance is not mandatory and employers and self-employed

persons are free to choose other ways and means of complying with
the provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994.
Nevertheless, adoption of these guidelines will likely go a long way
towards compliance with this Act.
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MS ISO on Ergonomics
 MS ISO 11226-Evaluation of Static working postures ( GP on Standing at
Work)
 MS ISO 11064-Ergonomic Design of control centers (Control Rooms)
 MS ISO 15534-Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery
 MS ISO 924-15-Ergonomic requirement for office work with display ( GP on
VDU)
Conclusion : The benefits of an ergonomics
• Decreased injuries, illnesses, and
workers’ compensation costs.
• Increased efficiency at work.
• Increased physical well being.
• Decreased absenteeism and turnover.
• Increase in employee morale.

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