POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FROM GRID TO 11KV

SUBSTATION IN PALAM DIVISION
BSES
ANKIT ANAND
00915303716
NPTI BADARPUR
 ABSTRACT
A Substation receives electrical power from generating station
via incoming transmission line and delivers electrical power
through feeders and this is used for controlling the power on
different routes. Substations are integral part of a power
system and form important part of transmission and
distribution network of electrical power system.
Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage
from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-
station are simply switching stations different connections between
various transmission lines are made, others are converting sub-
stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert
frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBSTATION
i) The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.
ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of
equipments.
iii) Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.
iv) The source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is
because water is required for various construction activities;(Especially
civil works,), earthing and for drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be
clear of public places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
• vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate
substation equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of
material, such as store yards and store sheds etc. with roads and
space for future expansion.
• vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways,
State Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force.
• viii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given
to the Govt. land over Private land.
• ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
An outdoor substation
 Classification of substations
• Indoor- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the sub-station is
installed indoor because of economic considerations. However, when
the atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations
can be erected for voltages up to 66 KV.
• Outdoor- a) Plinth
b) KIOSK
c) Pole mounted
d) Package
e) Mobile
Description of Substation equipment
• CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in
any of the instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which
can damage other instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault
over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker.
• FUNCTIONS
a) Operating mechanism
b) Arc quenching
OPERATING MECHANISM ARC QUENCHING MEDIUM
• Spring charge mechanism • Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit
• Pneumatic mechanism breakers-BOCB)
• Hydraulic mechanism • Minimum oil (called minimum
oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
• Natural air (called air circuit
breakers-ACB)
• Forced air (called air blast circuit
breaker-ABCB)
• Vacuum (called vacuum circuit
breaker-VCB)
• SF6 gas (called Sulphur
Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)
SF6 Circuit Breaker

Some of the properties of SF6 are,

• Very high dielectric strength

• High thermal and chemical
inertia
• Superior arc extinguishing
capability
• Low decomposition by arcing
Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum type of circuit

breakers is used for
small KV rated
stations below33KV.
They are only used in
low distribution side.
TRANSFORMERS
• The simplified description above neglects several practical factors,
in particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core
, and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
• Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance
with two windings of zero resistance. When voltage is applied to the primary
winding, small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core.
The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since
the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing
current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field. The
changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each
winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated
voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the
transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it
does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF".
This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
Ring Man Unit (RMU)
A Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a totally sealed, gas-insulated compact
switchgear unit. The primary switching devices can be either switch
disconnectors or fused switch disconnectors or circuit breakers.

The rated voltage and current ranges for RMUs typically reach up to 24
kV and 630 A respectively. With many of the manufacturers of RMUs,
the basic construction of the unit remains the same for the whole of
the voltage range.
The increase in rated voltage is handled by an increase in the
insulating gas pressure.
THREE POSITION
DESIGN (3 panel)
1. Closing
2. Opening
3. Earthing
CLOSING

Turn the operating handle clockwise

to charge the close/open spring.
Then push the green button. (A)

Closing the moving contact

assembly is manipulated by means
of a fast-acting operating
mechanism. Outside these
manipulations, no energy is stored.
For the circuit breaker and the fuse-
switch combination, the opening
mechanism is charged in the same
movement as the closing of the
contacts.
OPENING

Push the red button (B) to

open fuse switch
disconnector.

Opening of the switch is

carried out using the same
fast-acting mechanism,
manipulated in the opposite
direction. For the circuit
breaker and fuse-switch
combination
EARTHING
Close earthing switch by
turning operating handle
clockwise
A specific operating shaft
closes and opens the earthing
contacts. The hole providing
access to the shaft is blocked
by a cover which can be
opened if the switch or circuit
breaker is open, and remains
locked when it is closed.