INDIAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY-KOLKATA CAMPUS

FLUID MECHANICS (UG11T3405)

By

Salman Hossain
Syllabus
• Pressure:
• Pressure variation of static fluid:

-This equation states that rate of increase of pressure in a vertical direction is equal to weight density of the fluid
at that point. This is “hydrostatic law”.
According to the hydrostatic equation, p = wh; the intensity
of pressure (p) depends only on the height of the column
and not at all upon the size of the column. Thus, in all these
vessels of different shapes and sizes, the same intensity of
pressure would be exerted on the bottom of each of these
vessels. Since each of the vessels has the same area A at
the bottom, the pressure force P = p × A on the base of
each vessel would be same. This is independent of the fact
that the weight of liquid in each vessel is different. This
situation is referred to as hydrostatic paradox.

Measurement of Pressure:
The pressure of a fluid may be measured by the following devices:
1. Manometers:
Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column
of fluid by the same or another column of liquid. These are classified as follows:
(a) Simple manometers: (i) Piezometer, (ii) U-tube manometer, and (iii) Single column manometer.
(b) Differential manometers.
2. Mechanical Gauges:
These are the devices in which the pressure is measured by balancing the fluid column by spring ( elastic element) or
dead weight. Generally these gauges are used for measuring high pressure and where high precision is not required.
Some commonly used mechanical gauges are: (i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge, (ii) Diaphragm pressure gauge,
(iii) Bellow pressure gauge, and (iv) Dead-weight pressure gauge.

• Desirable Properties of the Manometric fluid: Desirable properties of good manometric liquid
should have;
-> Low-freezing point.
-> High boiling point.
-> Non wetting characteristics.
-> Low surface tension.
-> Chemically inert.
-> Clear visible interface.
-> Ability to maintain density at various temperatures.
a. Simple Manometer:
i. Piezometer:
Pressure at A=
• ii. U-Tube Manometer:
• iii. Single Column Manometer:
• a. Vertical Single Column Manometer
• b. Inclined Single Column Manometer

Vertical Single Column Manometer

Put the value of ∆h

b. Inclined Single column Manometer

Problems:

Det. Pressure at 1= ?? Determine Specific Gravity ‘S’ Det. Pressure at A= ??

when Pressure at P= -18kPa
• b. Differential Manometer:
• i. U-Tube Differential Manometer
• ii. Inverted U-Tube Differential Manometer

i. U-Tube Differential Manometer

ii. Inverted U-Tube Differential Manometer
• Problems: Find out the pressure difference between A and B.
• 2. Mechanical Gauges:
• (i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge:

• (ii) Diaphragm pressure gauge:

• Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure:
• Total Pressure: It is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or
curve) when fluid comes in contact with the surface.
• Centre of Pressure: It is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface.
-The Immersed Surfaces are: i. Horizontal plane surface ii. Vertical Plane Surface iii. Inclined Plane
Surface iv. Curved Surface

Horizontally Immersed Surface:

• Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure:
• Total Pressure: It is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or
curve) when fluid comes in contact with the surface.
• Centre of Pressure: It is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface.
-The Immersed Surfaces are: i. Horizontal plane surface ii. Vertical Plane Surface iii. Inclined Plane
Surface iv. Curved Surface

Horizontally Immersed Surface:

So, the total pressure force,

• Vertical Plane Surface:
• Vertical Plane Surface:
• Vertical Plane Surface:

So, pressure force on the elementary strip

The total pressure force

• Vertical Plane Surface:

So, pressure force on the elementary strip

The total pressure force

• Vertical Plane Surface:

So, pressure force on the strip

The total pressure force
• Centre of Pressure:
• Centre of Pressure:
• Centre of Pressure:
• Centre of Pressure:
The total pressure force is given by,
The total pressure force is given by,
The total pressure force is given by,
The total pressure force is given by,
The total pressure force is given by,
• Inclined Plane Surface:
• Inclined Plane Surface:
• Inclined Plane Surface:
Problem:
Curved Surface:
Curved Surface:
Curved Surface:
Problem:
Problem:
Problem:
Problems:

i. Width of the Gate= 1m ii. Length of the Gate= 8m

iii. Length of the Gate=

1.5m, SG=0.8
• Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure on Lock Gate: Lock Gates are devices used for
changing the water level in a canal or river for navigation.
• Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure on Lock Gate: Lock Gates are devices used for
changing the water level in a canal or river for navigation.
• Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure on Lock Gate: Lock Gates are devices used for
changing the water level in a canal or river for navigation.
• Buoyancy:

Centre of buoyancy:

Archimedes Principle:
The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.
Problem: A ship of 63 m long and 9 m broad has a displacement of 16000 kN. When a 200kN weight is
moved across the deck through the distance of 5.4m, the ship is tilted through 5degree. The second moment of
area of the waterline section about its fore and oft axis is 75% of that of circumscribing rectangle, and centre of
buoyancy is 2.1m below the water line. Determine the metacentric height and the CG of the ship. Sp. wt. of the
sea water is 10.25kN/cubic meter.
Problem: A ship of 63 m long and 9 m broad has a displacement of 16000 kN. When a 200kN weight is
moved across the deck through the distance of 5.4m, the ship is tilted through 5degree. The second moment of
area of the waterline section about its fore and oft axis is 75% of that of circumscribing rectangle, and centre of
buoyancy is 2.1m below the water line. Determine the metacentric height and the CG of the ship. Sp. wt. of the
sea water is 10.25kN/cubic meter.
Problems:

SG of cone and Liquid are 0.7 and 0.95. Determine

Find out the Metacentric the least apex angle for stable equilibrium.
Height and Stability.
 FLUID KINEMATICS
• kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the study of velocity
and acceleration of the particles of the fluid in motion and their distribution in their
space without considering the forces.
 FLUID KINEMATICS
• kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the study of velocity
and acceleration of the particles of the fluid in motion and their distribution in their
space without considering the forces.

In this method, the observer concentrates on the movement of a single particle.

The path taken by the particle and change its velocity and accelerations are studied.
In this method, the observer concentrates on a point in the fluid system. Its velocity,
accelerations and other characteristics of the fluid at that point are studied .
In this method, the observer concentrates on a point in the fluid system. Its velocity,
accelerations and other characteristics of the fluid at that point are studied .
In this method, the observer concentrates on a point in the fluid system. Its velocity,
accelerations and other characteristics of the fluid at that point are studied .
A path line is the path followed by a fluid particle in motion. A path line shows the direction of particular particles
as it moves ahead.

A Stream line is may be defined as an imaginary line within the flow so that the tangent at any point on it indicates
the velocity on that point.

A Streak line is a curve which gives an instantons picture of the fluid particles, which have passed through a given
point.
3. Pitot Tube:
Hydraulic Coefficients:
Hydraulic Coefficients:
Hydraulic Coefficients:

The value of Cd= 0.61-.065 for orifice

= 0.96 for nozzle
=0.95-0.99 for venturimeter
Hydraulic Coefficients:

The value of Cd= 0.61-.065 for orifice

= 0.96 for nozzle
=0.95-0.99 for venturimeter

4. Coefficient of Resistance:
Flow Through an Orifice:
Time of Emptying a reservoir through a pipe:
Water Hammer or Hammer Blow and Surge Pressure:

Boundary Layer:
VORTEX MOTION AND RADIAL FLOW