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• Fair taxation was a key issue for many English citizens during the
medieval period. Most citizens were subject to a poll tax, which
was a flat tax on every adult in a jurisdiction, as well as property
and church taxes. Even peasants that did not own land had to pay
property taxes on land that they rented. They were also obligated
to donate 10 percent of their labor or produce to the church.
History of Taxes in the Middle Ages
• In 1215, a large portion of the English nobility revolted against their monarch, King John, who had implemented new
taxes and increased existing ones to finance his military ambitions in continental Europe. The king levied more taxes to
help pay for a large-scale conflict, including hiring a large mercenary force, and to make up for the loss of taxable
territories in France during the war8. Many land-owning nobles did not trust King John’s leadership and did not feel
responsible for supporting the war effort.
• While turmoil and provincial strife dominated European politics, a unified and expansive empire emerged in the
Middle East. Muslim conquerors took over a large portion of northern Africa and the Mediterranean region during the
14th and 15th centuries. They ruled over a diverse collection of populations, including nomads, Jews and Christians,
which were subject to special forms of taxation that did not apply to Muslim citizens. Stationary societies that did not
convert to the beliefs and traditions of Islam had to pay a special tax, which was more akin to tribute, to their rulers 6.
Muslim officials also taxed nomads by waiting at particular locations, like water supplies, to collect dues from the
elusive wandering clans.
History of Taxation During the Colonial
Period
• Taxation policies developed quickly during the colonial period as wealth began to flow into Europe
from colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Great Britain enforced the first general income tax
in 1799 to help finance their war against Napoleonic France. This tax was also scaled according to
income, much like the income taxes levied in most modern systems.
• The dispute between the American colonists and the English crown that eventually led to the
American Revolution is partially attributed to disputes concerning fair taxation. The colonist’s main
grievance with the tax policy was distilled into a simple phrase, “No taxation without
representation.” While the colonists were forced to pay taxes to England, including hefty duties on
staples like tea and stamps, they did not receive any direct representation in Parliament or in the
monarch’s court.
Recent Tax History
• When the United States was founded, the federal government levied
relatively few taxes. The country did not maintain a significant military force
during times of peace. Instead, it relied on local militiamen for protection
from marauders and local rebellions. The central government was also much
smaller than it is now, and required much less money to maintain. As the
new country developed, it encountered several crises and conflicts that
prompted changes to the tax code.
Recent Tax History
• The first federal income tax in the United States was created shortly after the
Civil War to pay for the debts accrued during the costly internal conflict. The
tax was not universal; it only applied to citizens above a certain income level.
This federal income tax was repealed in the 1870s, but a later administration
created new federal tax legislation in 1894.
• Many European nations also adopted income taxes during the 19th century. The
unifying Prussian influence over many of the independent German states
helped entrench the principles of income tax in continental Europe. France
began to levy an income tax during World War 1, in response to the threat of a
German invasion.
Importance of Taxation
• Sales Tax
• Privilege Taxes
• Custom Duties
• Amusement Taxes
Exempted from Amusement Tax
• The year 1997 was an economy disaster from the Philippines. The country
was hit by two catastrophes : The Asian financial crisis of July 1997 and the
EL Nino phenomenon the brought the words drought recorded. Because of
these, the country experienced a negative GDP growth in 1998.
• The Economy started to recover by 1999 due to growth in the agricultural
sector.
International Trade
• International trade takes places when there is an exchange of
goods and services across national boundaries. International
trade allows countries to specialize in producing goods which can
give them greater efficiency. Exports refer to goods and services
one country sells to other countries while imports are the goods
and services one country buys from other countries.
• The theory of international trade explores why countries trade
which each other, the gains from trade and how these distributed,
and the dynamics involved in the trade of low-productivity
countries with high- productivity ones, among others.
Chapter Outline
Regulatio
Business ns Government
and
Other Political Process
Forms Voting
Advertising of Interest Groups
Public Relations Persuasio Contributions
n
Public
Interaction of Business, Government, and the
Public
• Government/business relationship
• Public/government relationship
• Business/public relationship
Government’s Nonregulatory Influence on
Business
Privatization
• Producing versus providing a service
• Privatization debate
• Federalization of certain functions
• Airport security
Government’s Nonregulatory Influence on
Business
Other Nonregulatory Influences
• Major employer
• Large purchaser
• Major lender
• Major influence
• Taxation
• Subsidies
• Monetary policy
• Transfer payments
• Major competitor
• Moral suasion
Government’s Regulatory Influence on
Business
Factors to Consider Regarding
Government Regulation
• Protection
• Scope
• Cost
Government’s Regulatory Influence on
Business
Federal Regulatory Agency
1. Has decision-making authority
2. Establishes standards or guidelines conferring benefits and imposing restrictions on
business conduct
3. Operates principally in the sphere of domestic business activity
4. Has its head and/or members appointed by the president (generally subject to Senate
confirmation)
5. Has its legal procedures generally governed by the Administrative Procedures Act
Government’s Regulatory Influence on Business
Reasons for
Regulation
• Controls natural monopolies
• Controls negative externalities
• Achieves social goals
• Other reasons
• Controls excess profits
• Controls excessive competition
Types of Regulation
Government’s Regulatory Influence on
Business
• Economic regulation
• Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
• Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Social regulation
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Government’s Regulatory Influence on Business
Benefits of Regulation
Costs of Regulation
• Direct costs
• Indirect costs
• Induced costs
• Effects
• Reduced innovation
• Reduced investment in plant and equipment
• Increased pressure on small business
Deregulation
Purpose & Dilemma
• Purpose
• Intended to increase competition with the expected benefits of greater efficiency,
lower prices, and enhanced innovation.
• Dilemma
• Must enhance competition without sacrificing applicable social regulations (e.g., health
and safety requirements).