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Four Stroke, Two Stroke
Diesel, & Wankel Engine
Theory and Operation

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 Four Stroke, Two Stroke,
Diesel, & Wankel Theory
Presentation Outline

 1.0 Four Stroke Engine Theory

• Internal combustion principles
• Valve operation
• Four cycles
• Valve timing

 2.0 Two Stroke Engine Theory

• Two cycle operation
• Lubrication
• Variations
• Advantages/ limitations more...
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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory
•Operation
•Variations
•Advantages/limitations

4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

•Operation
•Variations
•Advantages/limitations

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 1.0 Four Stroke Engine
Theory
 Intake
 Compression
 Power
 Exhaust

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Intake Stroke

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 Compression Stroke

Valves closed

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 Power Stroke

Valves closed

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Exhaust StrokValve Timing
Diagram

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 2.0 Two Stroke Engine
Theory
 Upstroke
 Down stroke

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2 Stroke Compression
Up Stroke occurs

Transfer
Port

Crank
Case
Reed Valve

Carburetor
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2 Stroke
Down Stroke Intake
Power
Exhaust
Occurs
Transfer Port

+
Reed Valve

Carburetor
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 Fuel Mix
 Uses a premix of gas and oil
 Oil injectors used in some
 Normal mixes range from 16:1 to 50:1
 Typical “hot” engines 16:1
 Typical “cool engine” 50:1
 CHECK OWNERS MANUAL !!!

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 Advantage of Two Strokes
 Runs in any position
 More horsepower for size
 Fewer moving parts
 Lighter

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 Limitations of Two Strokes
 Uses more fuel than four strokes
 Fuel and oil must be mixed
 Plugs foul easily
 Poor emissions

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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory

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 Introduction
• Invented by Rudolf Diesel between
1892 and 1893
• Internal Combustion Engine
• Reciprocating Engine
• Intermittent Combustion Engine
• Utilizes liquid fuel
• Compression Ignition vs. Spark
Ignition
• Heavy Duty Applications
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 Diesel Compression Ratio
 20:1up to 25:1 common
 Needed to ignite fuel
 No spark plugs

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 Compression Ratios
 “Squeeze” on air/fuel mixture before
combustion
 Efficiency increases with higher CR
 About 9:1 on gas autos
 17:1 to 24:1 for diesel engines
 About 24:1 CR max:
• too high compression for starting
• limiting strength of materials
• power loss- leakage around valves
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 Advantages of the Diesel
Engine
• High reliability
• Low fuel cost
• High power / lb. of engine
• Low fuel consumption
• Low fire hazard
• High torque at low RPM
• Greater heat efficiency- 30% (25% gas)
• Longer service intervals

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 Disadvantages of Diesel
Power
 Expensive to repair
 Hard starting in cold weather
 Higher initial cost

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Gasoline and Diesel Engine
Comparison
 Gasoline power
stroke = 460 psi;
Diesel = 1200psi
 Diesel heat
efficiency about
5% higher than
gasoline

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 Induction System

Air Only

Injection
Line
High Pressure
Injection Spray
Injector Delivering
Fuel

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 Glow Plugs
 Resistance unit to heat cold engines
 Installed in cylinder head, sometimes in
special pre-combustion chamber
 Some use intake heaters
 In addition, block heaters for cold weather

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Typical Diesel Engine

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4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

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 History of RCE
(Rotary Combustion Engines)

 1924 - Wankel’s idea for RCE

 1933 - patent was applied
 1936 - patent received
 1957 - engine runs

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 Epitrochoidal Bore
Apex Seal

Intake
Port

Rotor Spark
Plugs

Exhaust
Port

One of Three Chambers

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 Rotor and Apex Seals
 Sometimes called Apex Seal Location
a “Rotary Piston”
 Receives power
impulse from fuel
air mixture
 Rotor has three
faces
 Apex seals at tips-
like rings
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 Epitrochoidal Bore
E-Bore
 Same purpose as
the cylinder walls
of the piston
engine
 Epitrochoid curve,
generated by
rolling a circle
around another
circle Basic shape of epitrochoid
curve
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Rotors

Eccentric
Shaft

E-Bore
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Advantages and Limitations
 Fewer moving parts
 Single motion allows smoother
running
 Compact engine, allows for more
space
 Few manufacturers produce this
engine any longer

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 Summery (Cont)
 What are the major differences in
parts between a 2 stroke & 4 stroke?
• Ports vs. Valves
• Reed valve vs. Valves
 How is the fuel ignited in a deisel
engine?
• Compression

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 Summery (Cont)
 The
Rotory (Wankel) engine uses
what type of bore?
• E- Bore
 Whatact like rings in a rotory
engine?
• Apex seals
 Air
can be __________, while water
can not?
• Compressed
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The End

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