Theory of Structures- 2

LECTURE 4
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

SHIVALIKA 05-06-2019
 Content

 Introduction
 Advantages and disadvantages of bolted connections
 Bolt assembly
 Unfinished bolt
 Turned and fitted bolt
 High Strength Friction Grip bolt
 Designation of bolts, nuts and washer
 Proof load of HSFG bolt for bolted connection
 Exercise
 Learning outcomes

At the end of lecture, you should be able to:

 Gain basic understanding of bolted connections
 Understand various types of bolt used in the construction.
 Introduction

 In bolted connection, bolts and nuts are used for the

connection of members.
 There are several types of bolts that can be used for
connecting structural steel members.
 The three types of bolts used in structural applications are-
a) Unfinished or black bolts
b) Turned and fitted bolts
c) High strength bolts.
 Advantages of bolted connections

 The bolting operation is very silent, in contrast to the

hammering in riveting.
 Bolting is a cold process, and hence there is no risk of fire.
 Bolting operation is far quicker than riveting.
 Less man power is required in making the connections.
 There is no risk involved in the bolting, in contrast to the
risk of riveting work.
 Disadvantages of bolted connections

 The bolted connections if subjected to vibratory loads,

result in reduction in strength if they get loosened.
 Bolted connections for a given diameter, have lesser
strength in axial tension as the net area at the root of
threads is less.
Bolt assembly
 Unfinished bolts
 These are also termed as ordinary bolts, black bolts,
common bolts and rough bolts.
 The shanks of unfinished bolts are not uniform in
diameter.
 They have low permissible shear and bending stress than
the rivets.
 These bolts are not used for structural connections of
member which are subjected to shock or vibrations.
 Turned and fitted bolts.

 For these bolts, the holes in plate are made slightly larger
than the diameter of bolts.
 These bolts are force fitted.
 Design of these bolts is similar to the design of riveted
connections.
 High strength friction grip bolt
(HSFG bolt)

 High strength friction grip bolt are a recent development.

 They are made of high strength steel and their surface is
kept unfinished.
 High strength friction grip bolt
(HSFG bolt)

 Hence, high initial tension is

developed in such bolts in the
initial stage of tightening, and
this tension clamps the joining
plates between the bolt head and
the nut.
 The tightening of the bolt to a
very high tension, reaching their
proof load, is done through
calibrated wrenches.
 “this high pre-compression
causes clamping action due to
which the load is transmitted
from one plate to the other by
friction, with negligible slip.
 High strength friction grip bolt
(HSFG bolt)

load carrying capacity of the joint in shear,

P = µ.T
where, µ = coefficient of friction
T = Clamping force
Hence, if the actual load is equal to P or less, the joint will
withstand it, and transfer it without any slip.
 Designation of bolts, nuts and washers

HTFG bolts are available in two symbols:

10K and 8G symbol depending upon their mechanical
properties.
 Bolt is designated by size, length and symbol.
 For example, a HTFG bolt of size M16 and length 100mm,
conforming to mechanical property of 10K are designated
as: Friction grip bolt M16 x 100 IS:3757-10K
 Similarly for nut, M20 IS: 3757-10K and for washer, M21
IS: 3757-10K
Proof load for HTFG bolt
Types of bolted connections
Contd.