CHAPTER NO:- 03

TRIP GENERATION
 Land use pattern Socio-economic
characteristics

Trip Generation

Trip Distribution

Modal Split

Trip Assignment

Travel Pattern

Simplified Four Stage Travel Demand Model

 Concept
• To understand the reasons behind trip making
behaviour and to provide mathematical
relationships to synthesise the trip making
pattern on the basis of observed trips, land
use data and socio economic characteristics.
 Travel Movement Types
• Intra
– (travel having both ends within the same zone of study area )

• Inter
– (travel having both ends in different zones of study area )

• External
– (travel having one end is study area another outside study area )

• Transit
– (travel having both ends outside study area)
 Travel Movement

(IV)
(II) Inter
(V)
Transit External

(III)
Inter
Intra (VI)
(I)
 Trips generated from home

Restaurant
Play

Office

School/college
Home

Work
Park
 Transport Zones
• Origin and destination are aggregated and
identified as areas
• These are called as transport zones.
Origin end Destination end

Return trip

Origin transport Zone Destination transport Zone

 Trip ends
• A movement of a passenger or goods has
to have an origin and destination.
• A complete movement between the
origin and destination is called as a trip
• Thus each trip has two ends.
• These two end are known as trip ends
 Trip Generation

• Trips are generated by activity in a zone

• Number of trips generating from a zone are
called as trip generation
• Trip that are generated are assumed to return
to same zone. ( Balancing trip)
 Trip attraction
• Any trip that is generated has to have an
attraction
• Commercial, industrial, and administrative
areas
• Trip generating areas usually have night time
population higher that day time population,
while the reverse is true for a trip attracting
area
 Home and non Home based trips
• Trips that have one end as home are referred
as home based trips
• Trips that do not have any end as home are
non home based trips
• Most of the studies have found that home
based trips are 3 to 4 times more than Non-
home based trips
HOME WORK

Home-based Trips

WORK SHOP

Non-home-based Trips
• A trip has always a purpose- termed as trip
purpose
• Each trip is generated by the land use activity
at one end and attracted by the activity at the
other end
• Land use that generate trips are such as
homes are called as trip generators
• Land use that attracts trips such as offices,
Schools, shopping complexes are referred as
trip attractors
 Trip purpose

• Work (Home-work)
• Educational (Home-school, University)
• Personal (Home, work-Clinic, Friends,Sports)
• Business (Home- work- other work)
• Social (Home- Relatives)
• Recreational (Home- park, Pilgrimage,Entertainment)
• Fright trips may be classified in number of
ways one such method could be

– Producer to wholesaler
– Wholesaler to Retailer
– Retailer to consumer
Distribution of trips by purpose peak
hours
Recriational, 5
Business, 13

Shopping, 5
Employement,
50 Personnal, 7

Educational, 20
Distribution of trips by purpose Off -
peak hours

Recriational, 8
Employement,
25

Business, 23

Educational, 5

Shopping, 11
Personnal, 27
 Land use theory
foundation philosophy
• Trips are made between different land uses
• As land is developed the capacity to attract and/or
generate trips will increase
• The nature of development will determine what type
of trip patterns will emerge for that particular land.
• Concept of land use forms an important basis in
understanding the transport planning requirement
 Trip generation/ Attraction
Description Trips generated per Trips attracted per day
day
Bare land 0 0

Housing units (15) 30 10

Schools- 500 students 30 600

Office 300 employees 300 600

Shopping complex 150 6000

having 300 direct
employees
 Factors of Trip generation and Attraction of land use

• Generation
– Quantitative character (Number of persons or households
employees)
– Qualitative character (distribution of population (adult,
managers)
– Intensity character ( Income, ownership of private vehicles)
• Attraction is a function of
– Quantitative character ( Number of persons)
– Qualitative character ( Nature of business, trade, etc)
– Intensity character ( Facility , special promotion / events)
 Factors Governing Trip Generation and Attraction
Rates:
 Income
 Car Ownership
 Family Size & Composition
 Land Use Characteristics
 Distance of the Zone from Town centre
 Accessibility to public Transport system & its Efficiency
 Employment opportunities
 Floor Space in industrial & shopping units, office sales figures
in shops etc…
• In a closed system, it could be held that the
total number of trips generated would be
equal to the total number of trips attracted.
Thus the simple relation that
• ∑ Gi= ∑Ai (For all zones i in the system)
• Once the relation in established , one can
study the manner in which these trips are
distributed from one zone to another
 Origin – destination matrix
Origin Zone
Destination Zone

A B C
A 500 500 2500
B 1500 2500 4000
C 500 2000 4500
Total 2500 5000 11,000
 Trip generation - Methods

1. Simple/ Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

2. Curvilinear / Non Curvilinear Regression
Analysis
3. Reciprocal Transformation
e.g. Y = a+ (b/x)
4. Exponential function & semi log arithmetic
Transformation
e.g. Y=a.b^x
5. Power function & Double log Transformation
e.g. Y=a.(x^b)
6. Multiple Curvilinear Regression
e.g. Y=a(x₂^b)(x₃^c)
7. Trip Rate Analysis
8. Cross- Classification ( Category ) Analysis
 Trip Rate Analysis

Land Use Land Area Person Trips Trips/ 1000

Category (‘000 sqm) sqm per day

Residential
2850 9858 3.46
Row House
5250 16576 1.16
Apartment

Commercial
Retail 8923 82907 9.29
Wholesale 4682 21738 4.64

Public Buildings 2687 8658 3.22

Total 24392 139737 5.7

 Cross Classification (Category Analysis) Method
Total Home Based Non-work Trip Rates

Area Type HH Vehicle Household Size

Ownership
1 2,3 4+

CBD 0 0.57 2.07 4.57

1 1.45 3.02 5.52
2+ 1.82 3.39 5.89

Inner Fringe 0 0.97 2.54 5.04

1 1.92 3.49 5.99
2+ 2.29 3.86 6.36

Outer Fringe 0 0.54 1.94 4.44

1 1.32 2.89 5.39
2+ 1.69 3.26 5.76
 Trip generation model

• Home based work trips per zone = 1.5 x (HH’s with vehicles) +
1.2 (HH’s without vehicles)
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
2
Indicates degree of correlation
 Multiple Linear regression:

A Technique for fitting mathematical relationship between dependent & independent

variables.

Mathematically,
Yp = a₁x₁ + a₂x₂ + a₃x₃ + ……… +anxn + U

Where Yp= No of Trips for Specified Purpose / Mode / Zone

x₁, x₂, x₃…= Independent (Explanatory) variables relating to trip generation

i.e. land use ,socio economic factors, modal attributes.
a₁, a₂, a₃..= Co-efficients of independent variables obtained by linear
regression analysis.
U = Disturbance term, Constant ;representing that portion of value of
Yp not explained by the independent variables
 Assumptions:

1. All the variables are independent of each other.

2. All variables are normally distributed.
3. All the variables are continuous.
4. A linear relationship exists between the dependent &
independent variables
5. Influence of independent variables are additive.
 Zonal Average Data from HIS

Trip Rate Vehicle

(tphhpd) HH Size Ownership/hh
3.7 2.5 1.1
5.5 3.6 1.3
5.7 4.1 1.3
6.5 4.6 1.1
4.2 3.2 1.2
7.5 5.1 1.1
3.8 1.8 0.9
4.1 2.8 1.1
6.7 4.9 1.5
7.8 5.5 1.9
Scatter Diagram
 Daily Trip Rate
Linear Fit of Data1_A
8 3/10/2008 16:59

Linear Regression for Data1_A:

7 Y=A+B*X
Daily Trip Rate

Parameter Value Error

6 ------------------------------------------------------------
A 0.90123 0.42941
B 1.22015 0.10777
5 ------------------------------------------------------------

R SD N P
4 ------------------------------------------------------------
0.97018 0.39756 10 <0.0001
------------------------------------------------------------
3
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Household Size
 9

7
Daily Trip Rate

3
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

Household Vehicle Ownership

Scatter Diagram
 Daily Trip Rate
Linear Fit of Data1_A
3/10/2008 17:04
8
Linear Regression for Data1_A:
Y=A+B*X
7
Parameter Value Error
Daily Trip Rate

------------------------------------------------------------
6 A 1.12624 1.91722
B 3.53901 1.50031
------------------------------------------------------------
5
R SD N P
------------------------------------------------------------
4 0.64048 1.25972 10 0.04604
------------------------------------------------------------

3
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Vehicle Ownership
Multiple Regression on Data1:

Independent: Column(B) -> Column(C)

Dependent: Column(A)

Parameter Value Error t-Value Prob>|t|

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Y-Intercept 1.11758 0.63634 1.75625 0.12247
B 1.27265 0.15711 8.10059 <0.0001
C -0.3331 0.69026 -0.48257 0.64412
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

R-Square(COD) Adj. R-Square Root-MSE(SD)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.94315 0.92691 0.41811
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Trip Attraction Model

Shopping 1.5 1.9 2.25 3.6 5.2 9.75

Area in
1000 sqm)

Daily Trips 500 650 870 1970 3570 6230

Attracted
 Trip Attraction Model

Shopping 1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5

Area in
1000 sqm)

Daily Trips 300 350 600 1000 2500 5000

Attracted
 TripAttr LogTA
3.8

5000
3.6

4000 3.4

Log (Trip Attractions)

Trip Attractions

3000 3.2

3.0
2000

2.8

1000
2.6

0 2.4

0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Shopping Area ('000 sq.m.) Log (Shopping Area)

 3/10/2008 17:25
TripAttr
Linear Fit of Data1_TripAttr Linear Regression for Data1_TripAttr:
5000 Y=A+B*X

4000 Parameter Value Error

-------------------------------------------------------
Trip Attractions

3000
-----
A -3473.66212
1224.74957
2000
B 2970.09444 683.41116
-------------------------------------------------------
1000 -----

0 R SD N P
-------------------------------------------------------
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 -----
Shopping Area ('000 sq.m.) 0.90842 861.29691 6 0.0122
-------------------------------------------------------
-----
 3/10/2008 17:28
LogTA
3.8
Data1LogT
Linear Regression for Data1_LogTA:
3.6 Y=A+B*X

3.4
Parameter Value Error
Log (Trip Attractions)

-------------------------------------------------------
3.2
-----
A 2.30496 0.10996
3.0
B 3.16295 0.43422
2.8
-------------------------------------------------------
-----
2.6
R SD N P
2.4 -------------------------------------------------------
-----
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.96431 0.14354 6 0.00189
Log (Shopping Area) -------------------------------------------------------
-----
 TTI 2001 TTI 2007

32 32

8 8
9 9
31 31
12 12
30 30
11 11
7 7
10 10

6 4 4
14 6 14
29 29
13 13
5 5
3 3
1 1
17 17
2 2
16 16
28 15 15
28
24 18 18
24

27 27
19 19
25 22 22
25
20 20
26 26

21 21

23 23

TTI 2012 TTI 2016

32 32

8 8
9 9
31 31
12 12
30 30
11 11
7 7
10 10

6 4 4
14 6 14
29 29
13 13
5 5
1
3

1
3
N
17 17
2 2
16 16
28 15 15
28
24 18 24 18
N.T.S.
27 27
19 19
25 22 22
25

26
20
26
20 Legend :
21 21
  100
>100 300
23 23
>300 500
>500

Total trip intensity scenario 2001-2016

TRAVEL DEMAND STUDY ANALYSIS