SEMINAR ON

PRE-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS

BY
KAVITHA MAHARAJ
M.Tech. (P.T.P.G) 5th SEMESTER

JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,

HYDERABAD
 CONTENTS
DEFINITION OF A PRE-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDING
APPLICATIONS - ADVANTAGES
DESIGN CODES
MAIN COMPONENTS OF METAL BUILDING
EXTERIOR CLADDING
Design criteria for wall & Roof Coverings
Serviceability criteria for wall and roof panels
SECONDARY FRAMING COMPONENTS
Purlins
Design criteria for Purlins
Serviceability criteria for purlins
Girts
Design criteria for Girts
Serviceability criteria for Girts
Eave Strut
Design criteria for Eave Strut
Serviceability criteria for Eave Strut
 PRIMARY FRAMING COMPONENTS
Rigid Frame
Design criteria for Rigid Frame
Serviceability criteria for Rigid Frame
3.BUILDING ADDITIONS TO PEB
Slides of Building additions
DEFINITION OF A PRE-ENGINEERED
METAL BUILDING

“A Pre-Engineered metal building is a Shop fabricated site bolted

structure”
Here, Engineering includes Designing, Detailing and
Manufacturing of the Building. The designing and detailing is
carried out to ensure that there is no welding at site is required.

The total structure consists of several components fabricated at

shop in transportable sizes. These components are assembled and
erected at site in mechano fashion using structural fasteners.
These buildings are called Pre-engineered since there is less work
at site as no fabrication activity is involved at the site.
Applications of Pre Engineered Steel Buildings :

 Aircraft
Hangers, Warehouses, Factories
 Workshops, Garages, Offices
 Hospitals, Schools, Sports & Recreational Facilities
 Gas Stations, Vehicle Parking Sheds, Platform Shelters
 Port Houses, Showrooms, Supermarkets.
 Labor Camps, Low Cost Housing, Rehabilitation centers, etc.

Advantages of Pre Engineered Steel Buildings:

 Reduced Cost i.e., about 30% less than conventional steel building
 Reduced design and construction time
 Ease in Quality Control and Low Maintenance
 Flexibility of Expansion & Large Clear Spans
 Architectural Versatility
 Energy Efficient Roof and Wall Systems
 Single Source Responsibility, etc.
DESIGN CODES

1. AISC American Institute of Steel Construction Manual

2. AISI American Iron and Steel Institute Specifications
3. ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers Manual
4. IS Indian Standards
5. MBMA Metal Building Manufacturer’s Association Low Rise
Building Systems Manual
6. IBC International Building Code
7. UBC Uniform Building Code
8. ANSI American National Standards Institute Specifications
and other relevant codes as per requirement.
COMPONENTS OF METAL BUILDING
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF METAL BUILDING

 EXTERIOR CLADDING
Wall panels and Roof panels are designed as continuous member
supported over the secondary members
 SECONDARY FRAMING
The Purlins , Girts and Eave struts are designed as continuous
members lapped at the supports over the Primary Framing (main
frame Rafters and Columns)
 PRIMARY FRAMING
Main frames are designed as moment resisting frames pinned at the
base
 BRACING
Bracings systems are designed to transfer the longitudinal loads and
Lateral Loads from Wind Loads or Seismic Loads
 EXTERIOR CLADDING
 ROOF AND WALL COVERING
The exposed surfaces of all roof ,wall panels, trims and other exterior steel
surfaces are either clear acrylic coated or factory painted GALVALUME.
GALVALUME is a zinc-aluminum alloy coating that is applied to the base
steel material.
All roof material are of a minimum decimal thickness of 0.0185" (26 gauge).
All wall and trim material are of a minimum decimal thickness of 0.0180"
(26 gauge).
Roof or Wall Panels coverage will be 36" to the weather with 1-1/4" deep
major ribs every 12" and 2- 3/16" deep minor ribs between each major rib.
Roof Panels are continuous from ridge to eave of buildings 70'-0 wide or less.
For higher widths which require end laps, a minimum of 4” is provided and the
lap essentially occurs at a purlin.
Wall Panels are continuous from 1-1/2" below the column base to the roofline,
except where the required length would exceed 35'-0 the panels are lap at a
girts. Panels does not rest on the concrete foundation, but sit 1/8" above the
concrete.
 All laps of roof panels are sealed with a continuous ribbon of
tape sealant.
Panels are secured to Secondary framing members with sheet
metal screws at a maximum spacing of 12" on center. At end
laps, the maximum screw spacing is 6" on center.
 Design Criteria for Wall and Roof Panels :
Roof panels : Dead load + LiveLoad, Dead Load +Wind Suction
Wall panels : Designed for Wind Pressure and Wind Suction.
 Serviceability Criteria for Wall and Roof Panels :
Standard Deflection Criteria usually adopted in the absence of
any building code guide lines
Roof Panels : L / 120 Where L is the distance between the
Purlins.
Wall Panels : L / 60 Where L is the distance between the Girts
 Serviceability Criteria for Mezzanine Deck Panels :
Deck Panels : L/240 Where L is the distance between Joists.
Detail of Roof Panel To Purlin Connection
Methods of Roof Sheeting-1
Methods of Roof Sheeting-2
Detail of Wall Panel Termination with Base Channel
Detail of Wall Panel Termination with Base Angel
 SECONDARY FRAMING COMPONENTS
 PURLINS
Purlins are cold-formed “Z” or “C” sections with equal or unequal flanges
and stiffening lips. Stiffening lips are formed at an angle of 50 degrees with the
flanges to permit nesting during transportation and when making
overlapping connections.
Minimum thickness of “Z” or “C” section purlins are 0.056” (16 gauge).
The min. Yield Strength of Cold Formed Steel Section Shall be 55 Ksi or
345N/mm2
Roof purlins can be provided as flush mounted “Z” or “C’” sections or as top
mounted “Z” sections.
Flush mounted purlins are analyzed as simple support beams and the
purlin clips are designed as pin connection.
Top Mounted purlins are analyzed as continuous beams which extend from
one end of the building to the other. Sag rods are provided to resist the torsion
and reduce the unbraced length.
In the analysis moments and shear are calculated at critical sections of
each spans and appropriate section is provided and it is also checked for
deflection.
Purlins are supported on the Rigid frame rafter and connection is usually
made of 2 nos or 4 nos of 1/2” dia bolts
 Design Criteria for purlins :
Purlins are designed for Dead load + Roof Live load or Roof Snow load
(Greater of the two) , Dead load + Wind load Cases (In Wind load cases
collateral Load is not included)
 Serviceability Criteria for purlins :
For Buildings with suspension ceilings : L/180
For Buildings with plaster ceilings : L/180
For all other Standard metal Buildings : L/150 Where L is the bay
Length
Detail of Purlin to Rigid Frame Rafter Connection
Types of Z-Sections used as Purlins/Girts
 GIRTS
Girts are cold-formed “Z” or “C” sections with equal flanges and
stiffening lips. Stiffening lips are formed at an angle of 50 degrees with the
flanges.
Minimum thickness of “Z” or “C” section for girts are 0.056” (16 gauge).
The minimum Yield Strength of Cold Formed Steel Section Shall be 55
Ksi or 345 N/mm2
Wall Girts can be provided as flush mounted or as top mounted “Z” or
“C” sections.
Flush mounted girts are analyzed as simple support beams and the girt
clips are designed as pin connection.
Top Mounted girts are analyzed as continuous beams which extend
from one end of the building to the other. Sag rods are provided to resist the
torsion and reduce the unbraced length.
In the analysis moments and shear are calculated at critical sections of
each spans and appropriate section is provided, it is also checked for
deflection.
Purlins are supported on the Rigid frame Columns and connection is
usually made of 2 nos or 4 nos of 1/2” dia bolts
 Design Criteria for Girts :
Girts are designed for both wind suction and pressure ,unlike in purlin
design the girt is not design for web crippling.
 Serviceability Criteria for Girts :
For Buildings with Gypsum Board : L/120
For all other Standard metal Buildings : L/90 Where L is the bay Length
Types of C-Sections used as Girts/Rafters/Columns
 EAVE STRUTS :
Eave Struts are cold-formed “C” sections with unequal flanges and
stiffening lips. Stiffening lips are formed at an angle of 50 degrees with the
flanges.
Minimum thickness of “C” section for eave struts is 0.056” (16 gauge).
The minimum Yield Strength of Cold Formed Steel Section Shall be 55
Ksi.
Eave Strut provides Sufficient for wall and roof panels at eave.
An Eave strut is a multi-functional component designed to carry roof
load and to act as a strut to transfer endwall wind load.
When the sidewall is sheeted the eave strut is designed only as a strut
assuming that all the roof load will be transferred to the ground through wall
sheeting
When there is no sheeting under the eave strut it will be designed as a flexural
member to carry roof load and as strut member to carry axial load from endwall
wind loads
Design Criteria for Eave Strut :
Eave struts are designed for Dead Load , Live Load and Wind Loads
Detail of Eave Strut Connected To Rigid Frame Column
Types of C- Sections Used For Eave Strut
 PRIMARY FRAMING COMPONENTS
Primary Structural framing includes the transverse rigid frames, Lean-to
column and rafters ,canopy rafters,intermediate columns,bearing end
framesand wind bents.
All framing members are three plated welded ‘I’ Section of hot rolled
steel plates and flat bars having a minimum yield strength of ksi.
The minimum thickness of the hot rolled plates is 0.127” (10gauge)
Depending on the shape of the building Rigid frames are as follows
1. Single span Gable Rigid frames
2. Multi span Gable Rigid Frames
3.Multi Gable Rigid Frames
4.Single Span Single slope Rigid Frames
5.Multi Span Single slope Rigid Frames
Column to Rafter connection and rafter to rafter connection at ridge are
designed as moment connections.All column bases are designed as
pinned connection
Columns and Rafters of Rigid Frames are designed for easily
transportable lengths.
 Flange Braces are used to reduce the unbraced length of Bottom flange
of rafter and inside flange of the column.
The connection of column to rafter is called as Haunch Knee
Connection.
Different types of haunch knee connections are adopted for rigid
frames,like
1.Vertical Haunch connection
2.Diagonal Haunch connection
3.Haunch perpendicular to the roof slope.
All haunch connection are designed as moment connections
The intermediate column of the rigid frame of multi span building are
called as modular columns.these modular columns are columns pinned
at both the ends
Design Criteria for Rigid Frames :
Rigid Frames are designed for different load combinations of Dead load,
Live Load ,Wind Suction,Wind Pressure ,Seismic Load as per the
guide lines of building code applicable
 Serviceability Criteria for Rigid Frame :
 For Standard Metal Buildings
 Vertical Deflection Limit : L/180 Where L is the width of the building
 Horizontal Deflection Limit : H/60 Where H is the Eave Height.
 For Standard Metal Buildings with Crane
 Top Running Crane Pendant operated: Sway : H/100
 Top Running Crane Cab operated: Sway : H/240
 Underhung Crane : Deflection : L/450
 Jib : Deflection : L/225

Servicibility Requirements to Rigid Frame Additions:

 For Crane Beam Class A,B,C: Sway : H/100 & Deflection : L/600
 For Mezzanine Beam, Deflection : L/240 (Dead+Live) & L/360(Live )
 For Mezzanine Joist, Deflection : L/240 (Dead+Live) & L/240(Live )
 For Jack Beam, Deflection : L/240
Typical Single Span Gable Building With Bypass Girts
Typical Single Span Gable Building With Flush Girts
Typical Multi Span Gable Building With Bypass Girts
Typical Single Span Single Slope Building With Straight Columns
Typical Multi Span Single Slope Building With Tapered Columns
 BRACING
Transfer of longitudinal and lateral forces of wind or seimic effect shall be
transferred through the bracings to the ground.
Bracing is of following types.
1.Cable bracing
2.Rod bracing
3.Angle bracing
4.Portal bracing.
Building Additions to a Pre Engineered Steel Structures:
1. Cranes – Top Running, Under hung, Monorail or Jib Types
2. Mezzanines – Any levels with required clearances
3. Roof and Gable Extensions
4. Parapets, Canopies, Fascias, Mansards and Facades
5. Internal Partitions
6. Bi-Fold Door

The following is the multi gable rigid frame with a top running crane,
2 level mezzanine, canopy, parapet and a fascia.
 PARAPET FASCIA

A C A C
C/C DIST OF CRANE BEAM
CANOPY

MEZZANINE LEVEL 2
M1 J1 M3 J1 M3 J1

MEZZANINE LEVEL 1 HOOK HEIGHT

M1 J1 M3 J1 M3 J1
C1 C1 C1

4 NOS 20Ø/12MM PL.(TYP)

MULTIGABLE RIGID FRAME WITH CRANES, 2 LEVEL MEZZANINE

CANOPY, PARAPET AND FASCIA