Columns

eview Short Columns (Axial load + Moment

Usually moment is represented by axial load
times eccentricity, i.e.
 Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and
Moment ( Failure Envelope )

Concrete
crushes before
steel yields

Steel yields
before concrete
crushes

Note:Any combination of P and M outside the envelope

 Define Sway & non- sway
frame
Stability index

Q
 P u o

Vu lc
Q  0.05  Non - sway (braced)
Q  0.05  Sway (unbraced)
ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Colu
 l = unsupported length of member, defined
inuACI Code 10.11.3 as clear distance between
floor slabs, beams, or other members capable
of providing lateral support, as shown
= radius of gyration associated with
r
axis about which bending is occurring. For
rectangular cross sections r = 0.30 h, and
for circular sections, r = 0.25 h as specified
by ACI Code 10.11.2.
 M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two
column ends,
where M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)

M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2

singular double
curvature curvature
K –Factor = effective length factor
Slenderness Ratio for columns in
frames
K –Factor calculatoin
  EI / l of columns
c

 EI / l of beams
c

I  0.35I g for Beam

I  0.7 I g for Column
I  0.7 I g for Uncracked wall
I  0.35I g for Cracked wall
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

k  0.7  0.05  A   B   1.0

k  0.85  0.05  min  1.0
 For a Sway
Frame:
a) Restrained at both ends
20   m
k 1  m
20

k  0.9 1   m

b) One hinged end

k  2.0  0.3 

Non-sway frames:

Sway frames:
 Example 1
The frame shown in Figure is consisting of members
with rectangular cross sections, made of the same
strength concrete. Considering buckling in the plane of
the figure, categorize column FE as long or short if the
: frame is
Nonsway
Sway 270KN.m

400KN.m
 Example 2
Design reinforcement for a 400 mm x 500 mm tied
column. The column, which is part of a braced
frame, has an unsupported length of 3.0 m. It is
subjected to a factored axial load of 2400 kN in
.addition to a factored bending moment as shown
f c  30 Mpa f y  420 Mpa
500KN.m

250KN.m
  1.71ksi

 0.71ksi

f c  30Mpa f y  420Mpa

 Mn
Note to use the last Instruction diagrams (English units) divide and A h
g

By 7.0
Long Columns
Moment Magnification in Non-
sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be
considered. The non-sway magnification
factor, ns, will cause an increase in the
magnitude of the design moment.
M max   ns M 2   ns M 2, min

where
Cm
 ns   1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pcr
Moment Magnification in Non-
sway Frames
The components of the equation for an
Euler bucking load for pin-end column
p EI
2
Pc 
 klu 
2

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

0.2 Ec I g  Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
EI  �
{ EI 
1  bd conservatively 1  bd

Max. factored Sustain Load

bd 
Max. factored Axial Load
Moment Magnification in Non-
sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual
moment diagram to the equivalent
uniform moment diagram. For members
without transverse loads �M 1 �
Cm  0.6  0.4 � ��0.4
�M 2 �

For other conditions, such as members

with transverse loads between supports,
Cm = 1.0
Moment Magnification in Non-
sway Frames
The minimum allowable value of M2 is
In mm

M 2, min  Pu 15.0  0.03 h 

The sway frame uses a similar technique,

see the text on the components.
 Example 1
Design a 7.0 m-tall column that carries a service dead
load of 500 kN, and a service live load of 400 kN,
shown in Figure below

140KN.m

80KN.m
Moment Magnification in
sway Frames
M 1max  M 1ns   s M 1s
M 2 max  M 2 ns   s M 2 s

1
s   1.0 and  2.5 for stability
1
 P u

0.75  P cr
Example 2
D +1.6 L 1.2
D +1.0 L+1.6W 1.2
D +1.3 W 0.9
case  1
1.2 D  1.6 L
wu  136 KN
M u  847 KN .m case  2
x  0 1.2 D  1.0 L  1.6W
wu  112 KN
M u  818KN .m case  3
 x  17.5mm 0.9 D  1.3W
wu  54 KN
M u  434 KN .m
 x  14.1mm
 Lu=500-30=470cm

Hinged end
 1.2  60 
bd   0.52
1.2  60   1.6 40 

Ec  4775 28  25267 Mpa

0.4  25267  300  600

3
 3.6 10 N .mm 2
13
EI 
12 1 0.52

p 2  3.6  10
13
Pcr  1570.7 kN
 3.2  4700 1000
2

1
s   1.91
2 * 560
1
0.75  2 *1570.7 
 Case (1): 1.2 D +1.6 L

M max  847 kN .m
Pu  680 kN

Case (2): 1.2 D + 1.0 L +1.6 W

M max  M ns   s M s
698  (1.91)120  927.2kN .m
Pu  560 kN
Case (3) : 0.9 D +
1.3 W
M max  434kN .m
Pu  270kN
 60  2  4   2 1  2.0
  0.80
60

Case 1

 Pn Pu 560 1000
   3.11Mpa  0.44ksi
Ag Ag 300  600

 Mn 927.2 10
6
Mu
   8.6Mpa  1.22ksi
Ag h Ag h 300  600  600
  0.07
AS  0.07 * 300 * 600  12600mm 2  126cm 2
Case 2
 Pn Pu 680 1000
   3.78Mpa  0.54ksi
Ag Ag 300  600

847 10
6
 Mn Mu
   7.84 Mpa  1.12ksi
Ag h Ag h 300  600   600
  0.08
Re design