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LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND

SITE PLANNING
UNIT IV
LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
Color, Line, Texture, Form and Scale
COLOR

In landscape design, color is crucial. Color brings a garden to life by


adding dimension and interest. It can be added with plant material or
hardscapes, such as paving, walls or fences. Similar colors can be used
to create harmony, while different colors can be used to create
contrast.

Ways color can be used in a landscape:

▪ Draw attention to an important feature (fountain, tree, sculpture,


etc.)

▪ Blend the outdoors with the colors of the home

▪ Attract wildlife

▪ Provide seasonal variety

▪ Create a mood
LINE

Often line refers to the structures within a landscape—think of the


edges of a walkway or flower bed, or the perimeter of a patio or
deck. Straight lines and hard angles will create a formal look, while
curved lines will create an informal look.

Vertical lines can be used to pull the eye up and make a space feel
larger. Tall trees or an arbor can be used to add vertical lines to a
yard.

Horizontal lines an make a space feel bigger by pulling the eye along
the ground. Garden walls, walkways, or small hedges can be used to add
horizontal lines to a yard.
TEXTURE

Generally texture is added to a garden with plants.


However, texture can also be created using hardscape
materials. Plant texture refers to the fineness or
coarseness, roughness or smoothness, heaviness or
lightness of a particular plant. A plant's flowers,
leaves, bark, and branches all have texture. Using
plants with different textures is a great way to
create variety in a garden.
FORM

The shape or structure of a plant or object is its


form. What forms are used is dependent on the
landscape design theme. For example, a formal garden
should have tailored forms such as clipped hedges and
topiaries, while an informal garden will have more
natural, flowing forms. Trees have distinct forms, so
this is a good place to start.
SCALE

In outdoor design, scale refers to the size


relationship between elements within the garden and
the surrounding spaces. As long as you make size
choices that are suitable for the setting, the scale
of your design will be appropriate. When deciding on
the right scale for plants and landscape structures
consider the size of your home as well as your
available yard space.
LANDFORM
WATER
VEGETATION
In Landscape Design
LANDFORM

A landform is a natural geographical


feature or shape that appears on the
Earth’s surface. Large landforms include
mountains, plains and rivers, while small landforms
include hills and billabongs. Landforms are created
and shaped by geographical forces of nature, such
as tectonic plate movement and erosion. Natural
landscapes are made up of a variety of
landforms. Often landforms are not unique to a
single landscape; for example, a hill can be found
in many different landscapes.
Mountains
River Beds

Valleys Volcanoes
WATER

Living on The Earth, we are surrounded by water; from


rain to rivers, to waterfalls we have it all.
Incorporating water into your landscape design
creates an alluring and tranquil environment that
will make you feel one with nature.
The 3 most popular ways water can have a role in
landscape design:
▪ Ponds and Water Gardens
▪ Backyard Waterfalls
▪ Outdoor Fountains
Ponds and Water Backyard Waterfalls Outdoor Fountains
Gardens
VEGETATION

Vegetation i.e., plants can be used to form walls,


canopies, or floors by taking advantage of their
different growth habits and foliage characteristics.
A stand of trees or shrubs can create walls to filter
or block views, or a canopy of tree branches can
provide a sense of shelter.
Ground cover planting with uniform foliage and
textural characteristics can present the feeling of
an architectural floor.
Plants can also define a boundary.
HARD LANDSCAPES
Design of Pathways, Roadways and Streets
DESIGN OF PATHWAYS

Pathways are an important part of landscaping. A beautiful pathway


will greatly enhance the home's curb appeal and provide a way for you
and guests to get to your front door providing definite circulation. It will
serve as an entrance to your home. Whether it will lead straight to your
front door, or to a small courtyard garden or porch, there are many
design options for pathways.
Three important pathway design considerations:
 Shape
 Layouts
 Paving Materials
SHAPE OF PATHWAYS

▪ Formal Pathways:
Paths in a formal garden are almost always
straight. When standing at the origin of a walkway, one should
be able to see all the way to the destination. This type of path
design leads the eye and the visitor directly to the focal point
of the garden, which may be a fountain, statue, or even a
gazebo.
 Informal Pathways:
Curved paths work best in informal
gardens because of their natural, casual appearance. The
natural, flowing shape of a curved walkway also evokes a feeling
of relaxation. A small garden can be made to appear larger by
hiding the end of a curved path behind a structure or plants.
FORMAL PATHWAYS
INFORMAL PATHWAYS
LAYOUTS OF PATHWAYS

Types of layouts:
 Straight Layout
 Curved Layout
 Irregular Stones
 Cut or Milled Stones
 Single Color
 Patchwork Effect
 Mortared
 Dry Laid
PAVING MATERIALS OF PATHWAYS

▪ Brick Pathways
▪ Paver Pathways
▪ Flagstone Pathways
▪ Gravel Pathways
▪ Concrete Pathways
DESIGN OF ROADWAYS

Design of roadways is also known as Road Landscaping.


Road landscaping is that branch of landscape planning
which aims at aligning roads in a visually aesthetic
manner.
Road landscaping forms an integral part of landscape
planning from urban design viewpoint. It aims at
making cities and towns more comfortable places to
live in, aesthetically and visually more pleasant-
looking.
CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF
ROAD LANDSCAPING

It is important to landscape roads as they are the


channels of movement and it is desirable to make the
experience on them comfortable and pleasant. Road
landscaping can play a very important role in this. A
road should be landscaped suitably with respect to
the hierarchy of the road. The height, spread and
bulk of the trees should be in proportion with the
width of the road and height of abutting buildings.
Highways and regional roads are more exposed to winds
than urban roads which have buildings around
them. Suburban roads have a greater potential for
landscaping due to the greater availability of land.
CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES
OF ROAD LANDSCAPING

Additionally it serves following purposes:


 Roadside plantation acts as noise buffers.
▪ Trees have a cooling effect in hot climates.
▪ Plantation on the median help in decreasing glare from the
oncoming direction which decreases chances of accidents.
▪ When different kinds of trees are planted on different roads,
they help in giving the roads an identity which helps people
find their bearings.
▪ Roadside plantation provides shade for pedestrians.
DESIGN OF STREETS
A street is a public road in a city, town, or village,
typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides.
Types of streets:
 Alley
 Walkway
 Sidewalk
 Avenue
 Main Street
 Boulevard
 Cul-de-sac
TYPES OF STREETS

▪ Alley:
A narrow passage or way in a city between or behind
buildings. Alleys are narrow, without sidewalks.
▪ Walkway:
The walkway is a path for walking. It can be at
ground level, or it can be elevated. It can cross a
road or a water body.
Alley

Walkway
TYPES OF STREETS

▪ Sidewalk:
A path for pedestrians that is located alongside a
road. Sometimes, there is an area called a parkway or
tree lawn in between the sidewalk and the road.
▪ Avenue:
A straight street with a line of tress along each
side. In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue
are of the same type, so as to uniform appearance of
the avenue.
Sidewalk

Avenue
TYPES OF STREETS

▪ Main Street:
Primary retail street in a village, town, or small
city. It is usually a focal point for shops in the
central business district. In some larger cities,
there may be several main streets.
▪ Boulevard:
A boulevard is usually a wide, multi-lane arterial
thoroughfare divided with a median down the center.
It has roadways along each side and parking lanes and
bicycle lanes and pedestrian sidewalks, with
landscaping.
Main Street

Boulevard
TYPES OF STREETS

▪ Cul-de-sac:
A dead end or closed street, only one inlet/outlet,
its function is to calm vehicle traffic. Usually used
in residential areas.

Cul-de-sac
FORM OF THE STREETS

The form of the street can be analyzed in


many ways such as:

▪ Street Pattern
▪ Street Length
▪ Street Proportion
STREET PATTERN

The irregular and organic patterns are more


interesting for people because they give them the
sense of discovery. Although the uniform grids are
easier for traffic.
STREET LENGTH

The length of the street may be long or short. The


upper limit for continuous length of street is 1,500
m (1 mile). Beyond this distance human scale is
lost. For long distances the prominent building will
lose its dominance and begin to merge into the
surroundings.
STREET PROPORTION

The ratio of width of street to height of enclosing


buildings is important for street design. The wide
street is favored by the road engineers to facilitate
traffic movement. But narrow streets with continuous
enclosing building slightly higher than street width
facilitate shopping, movement from side to side and
are considered as attractive places.
UNITY IN STREET DESIGN

The most important factor in creating the unity of


streets is the form of buildings located along the
streets. When the buildings along the street have
varied forms, styles and treatment the space loses
definition. The use of common materials, details and
architectural elements strengthen the unity of
street. What makes the unity of street design
difficult is the varied needs of the owners of the
buildings and the difference taste of each one. But
creating specific regulations tailored for each area
with participation of users can help solving this
problem.
SOFT LANDSCAPE
Design of Laws, Shrubs, Hedges and Trees
DESIGN OF LAWNS

Lawn design is the art and process of designing and


creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and
landscapes. Lawn design may be done by the lawn owner
themselves,or by professionals of varying levels of
experience and expertise. Most professional
lawn designers have some training in horticulture and
the principles of design. Some are also landscape
architects, a more formal level of training that
usually requires an advanced degree and often a state
license.
DESIGN OF SHRUBS AND HEDGES

Planting a hedge is one of the friendliest ways to


put a border around a property. Unlike fences, shrubs
take time to grow, allowing you to ease into defining
your space. In addition to creating privacy, hedging
is a great way to divide gardens, line the borders of
a driveway, and adorn your home’s foundation. The
culture of planting trees and shrubs in dense,
interwoven lines dates back thousands of years to the
fields of farmers who needed to pen livestock and
shield tender crops from seaborne winds. In medieval
days, dense thickets of thorny hawthorn kept enemies
at bay.
DESIGN OF TREES

Trees are just as crucial to landscape design as a


vibrant, healthy lawn. They benefit both the
environment and the communities in which they are
planted, saving energy and cleaning the air we
breathe. Trees create jobs, provide protection from
the elements, and even support healing. They can
define your driveway or become a focal point in your
yard (with the help of landscape lighting). They also
mark the seasons, giving us gorgeous flowers in the
spring and brilliant foliage in the fall. Trees can
enhance any landscape.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONCEPTS
Using Sculptures, Lighting, Seating, Benches and
Furniture
SCULPTURES

Sculptures are representatives or abstract forms,


especially by carving stone or wood or by casting
metal or plastic.
They provide a focal point and placed in selected
positions can add that element of surprise with
expression.
Placements of a sculpture within a space depends upon
sunlight and shadow patterns.
LIGHTING

During night time, with the help of artificial lights the


ambiance of landscape can be observed.
Landscape lighting add safety, security, mood and drama to the
out door environment.
Lighting changes the environment, various effects can be
achieved :
• Down lighting • Up lighting • Path lighting
• Washing • Cross-lighting • Accent-lighting
• Silhouetting • Spot-lighting • Underwater lighting
• Step/Deck lighting • Sculpture lighting
• Grazing light
SEATING

The garden is for relaxing and an important part of


relaxing is the seat, they come in all shapes and
sizes.
Seats should be capable of snoozing in, reading the
paper, a book, sewing, or just relaxing to take in
the vista.
Seats should be light enough to move but strong
enough to take all shapes and sizes.
Seats can be made or metal, timber, bamboo, wicker,
rope (hammock) and concrete.
BENCHES AND FURNITURE

The Bench is something of a specialist in the seat


furniture.
It doesn’t need to be straight in fact it can wrap
around a tree.
A bench is hard and its generally made from
sturdytimbers.
To dominate its position the bench can be painted a
bright colour to make it stand out in its own right.
THANK YOU
IV-SEMESTER A-SECTION
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