QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DEFINED!

• “the traditional positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined
procedures to acquire information.” – Polit and Beck (2004)
• deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world
• gathers empirical evidences
• data analysis is usually statistical in nature. thus, data gathered is quantifiable/ measurable.
• capability to generalize the effect of the results to the individuals outside of the study
participants
• LIMITATION – inflexible and narrow vision of this method tends to present the human experience
in a restricted manner.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DEFINED!
• “naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by
exploring it directly. –Polit and Beck (2004)
• emphasizes on human complexity and man’s ability to decide and create his own experience.
• naturalistic methods of inquiry- emphasis on the analysis of the experiences of the individual
• materials are narrative and subjective
• interviews and participative observation
• determining patterns and themes rather than testing hypotheses
• LIMITATION- Reductionist nature, subjective nature of naturalistic inquiry, small group as
subjects
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• SYSTEMATIC AND RIGOROUS, HOWEVER, MORE FLEXIBLE THAN QUANTITATIVE
• USUALLY, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY. DATA ALREADY
COLLECTED ARE UPDATED BY ONGOING DATA COLLECTION.
• PARTICIPANTS ARE PEOPLE WHO CAN PROVIDE THE RICHEST INSIGHTS INTO THE PHENOMENON
OR INTEREST (PURPOSIVE MANNER OF SELECTING PARTICIPANTS)
• SATURATION OF DATA COLLECTION
• QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION EXAMINES EVERYDAY LIFE IN NATURAL CONTEXT
PEN GNOME MEN KNOW
LODGE ICK CAL
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
• SEEKS TO FIND ESSENCE OR STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERIENCE BY EXPLAINING HOW COMPLEX MEANINGS
ARE BUILT OUT OF SIMPLE UNITS OF INNER EXPERIENCE
• EXAMINES HUMAN EXPERIENCES THROUGH DESCRIPTIONS PROVIDED BY SUBJECTS
• GOAL- DESCRIBE THE MEANING THAT EXPERIENCES HOLD FOR EACH SUBJECT
• EXAMPLE:
• WHAT ARE THE COMMON EXPERIENCES ENCOUNTERED BY A PERSON WITH A SPOUSE WHO IS UNDERGOING
REHABILITATION?
EAT KNOW GRUFF ACHE
ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
• INVOLVES DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ABOUT CULTURAL GROUPS OR MINORITIES
• IMMERSION OF THE RESEARCHER AS PART OF THE CULTURE
• KEY INFORMANTS- PROVIDES KEY INFORMATION FOR THE STUDY
• GOAL- DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL THEORIES
• EXAMPLE:
• WHAT IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND MIGRATORY ADAPTATIONS OF SQUATTER FAMILIES IN BRGY. CUTCUT,
ANGELES CITY? (DELA CRUZ, 1994)
HASTE AWRY KULL
HISTORICAL STUDY
• IDENTIFICATION, LOCATION, EVALUATION, AND SYNTHESIS OF DATA FROM PAST EVENTS, IMPLICATIONS
TO THE PRESENT AND FUTURE
• EXAMPLE:
• WHAT WERE THE ROLES OF WOMEN IN THE KATIPUNAN?
• SOME SOURCES OF DATA • CLASSIFICATION OF DATA • ASSESSMENT OF MATERIAL
DOCUMENTS SOURCES VALIDITY
RELICS AND ARTIFACTS PRIMARY SOURCES INTERNAL CRITICISM
ORAL REPORTS SECONDARY SOURCES EXTERNAL CRITICISM
KEYS STEADY
CASE STUDY
• IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL, GROUPS OF PEOPLE, OR AN INSTITUTION.
• COMPREHENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE EXAMINATION OF A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, OR SITUATION
OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
• GOAL- GAIN INSIGHTS INTO LITTLE- KNOWN PROBLEM, PROVIDE BACKGROUND DATA FOR BROADER
STUDIES, EXPLAIN SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL PROCESSES
• EXAMPLE:
• HOW DO CANCER SURVIVORS LOOK AT LIFE?
CROWN DEAD THE
AWRY
GROUNDED THEORY STUDY
• INVOLVES COMPARING COLLECTED UNITS OF DATA AGAINST ONE ANOTHER UNTIL CATEGORIES,
PROPERTIES, AND HYPOTHESES THAT STATE RELATIONS BETWEEN THESE CATEGORIES AND PROPERTIES
EMERGE
• EXAMPLE:
• TEN SCHOOL COUNSELORS WERE GIVEN STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS TO HELP DETERMINE HOW THEIR
PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IS FORMED.
• PROCESS- CODING OF DATA TO FORM CONCEPTS, IDENTIFYING CONNECTIONS OF THESE CONCEPTS, EMERGING
CORE CONCEPT AND DISCUSSION OF ITS IMPLICATION
NOR RAT EVE UN KNULL
ISIS
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
• MAIN SOURCES OF DATA ARE LIFE ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS BASED ON EXPERIENCES
• GOAL- EXTRACT MEANINGFUL CONTEXT FROM EXPERIENCES
• COMMON TYPES OF NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
PSYCHOLOGICAL- ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL THOUGHTS, WRITTEN WORKS, AND SPOKEN WORDS FOR PATTERNS
BIOGRAPHICAL- INDIVIDUAL’S SOCIETY AND FACTORS LIKE GENDER AND CLASS
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS- APPROACH IN WHICH LANGUAGE IS USED IN DIFFERENT TEXTS AND CONTEXTS
CRATE TICK CAL
CRITICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• SEEKS TO BRING ABOUT CHANGE AND EMPOWER INDIVIDUALS BY DESCRIBING AND CRITIQUING SOCIAL
, CULTURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN RESENT-DAY CONTEXT
• CHALLENGES CURRENT NORMS
POOH OUST MOTH URN
POSTMODERN RESEARCH
• SEEKS TO ANALYZE FACTS THAT HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED AS TRUTHS, THE ABILITY OF RESEARCH AND
SCIENCE TO DISCOVER TRUTH, AND ALL GENERALIZATIONS AND TYPOLOGIES
• THREE “CRISES” AS A RESULT OF THE QUESTIONING PERFORMED
• WHETHER THE EXPERIENCE OF ANOTHER CAN BE CAPTURED OR WHETHER IT IS CREATED BY THE RESEARCHER
• WHETHER ANY STUDY CAN BE VIEWED AS VALID IF TRADITIONAL METHODS ARE FLAWED
• WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO INSTITUTE ANY REAL CHANGE
• IF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE “SELF” ARE THEMSELVES CONSTRUCTED BY THE
SOCIETY WE LIVE IN AND THE LANGUAGE WE USE, IS TRUE KNOWLEDGE OF
THE SELF, INDEPENDENT OF THESE, EVEN POSSIBLE?
• IF OUR “SELVES” ARE CONSTRUCTED, THEN ATTEMPTING TO GAIN
KNOWLEDGE THROUGH SELF REFLECTION IS A MISCOGNITION AND [IT]
INSTEAD RESULTS IN THE CREATION OF A LESS INDEPENDENT AND MORE
SOCIETAL-REGULATED SELF (BLEAKLY, 2000)
BAY SICK IN THERE FRET
ATE EVE
BASIC INTERPRETATIVE QUALITATIVE
STUDY
• IDENTIFYING HOW INDIVIDUALS GIVE MEANING TO A SITUATION OR PHENOMENON
• INDUCTIVE STRATEGY- A PROCESS OF ANALYZING PATTERNS OR COMMON THEMES TO PRODUCE A
DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT THAT SUMMARIZES AND ANALYZES THE LITERATURE THAT DEFINED THE STUDY
• EXAMPLE:
• AN INTERVIEW OF 45 WOMEN FROM VARYING BACKGROUNDS AND A COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL
PATTERNS DISCERNED WITH EARLIER FINDINGS ON MALE DEVELOPMENT. THEY FOUND WOMEN’S LIVES
EVOLVED THROUGH PERIODS OF TUMULTUOUS, STRUCTURE-BUILDING PHASES THAT ALTERNATED WITH STABLE
PERIODS (LEVINSON AND LEVINSON, 1996)