Curate:

Counseling and Psychotherapy

Group 3
Doa Sri Sucinta
Elsa Andriyani
Rahmi Ulfa Aulia Abas
Tuthi Farhiyah Alawiyah
cOuNSELING
DefiniTION
Winkel (2005) Counseling as a series of the basic activities of g
uidance in trying to help counselee or clients, face to face with the
aim that the client can take responsibility for various and special p
roblems.
Mc. Daniel (1956) Counseling is a direct meeting with individual
s, aimed at providing assistance to them, to be able adjust himself
more effectively with himself and the environment.
Rogers (1971) Counseling as a helping relationship.
 According to George & Christian (1981) there a
re 5 main goals of counseling: (in Hirmaningsih & Damayanti,
2015)

1. Facilitate the behavior changes,

2. Improve the client’s ability to having relationships,
3. Improve the client’s ability to solving problems,
4. Encourage decision-making processes,
5. Facilitate the client’s development and potential.
 What is
Psychotherapy?
 Definition

• Psychotherapy is a general term in every approach or

technique which strive on help people with psychological
disorder (Boeree, 2013).

• Psychotherapy is an intervention method done by trained

psychotherapist, so that the client can solve the problem
(Sarwono, 2010).
 Goals

To restore the disturbed mental state of the client (ranging

from minor problems to severe mental disorders), so that they
will be able functioning optimally again and feel more mentally
healthier.
 Differencess
COUNSELING THERAPHY
Focus issues on prevention-education developm Focus issues on cure-adjustment-treatment
ent
Conscious awareness Focus on past
Relating to fields involving humans and relationsh Relating with more serious mental disorders
ips with themselves
Problem Solving Analytic
Short term therapy (for a period of weeks and up Long term therapy, either continuous or intermitte
to 6 months) nt over many years
To normal individuals To severely disturbed individuals
Technique of Counseling
 Affective Technique
1. Counseling with a psychoanalysis approach
• All psychological events are determined by previ
ous psychological events.
• This approach is based on Freud's theory, that one
's personality has three elements, namely id, ego,
and super ego.
• Psychosexual development : oral, anal, phallic, la
ten, genital
 The role of counselor
• Counselors who use psychoanalysis must kno
w which client is at the stage of psychosexual
development
• Help client to get insight into the problem by c
ompleting his unresolved past
• Help clients gain self-awareness, honesty, and
more effective personal relationships
 Counseling Technique
• Free Association, client is asked to say anything that
comes to his/her mind.
• Dream analysis, client is asked to reveal the various events
in his dream and the counselor tries to analyze them. This
technique is used to view unresolved problems.
• Transference analysis. Transference is diverting, can be in
the form of feelings and past expectations. In this case,
clients are sought to revive past experiences and conflicts
 Cont’
• Analysis of resistance, means rejection, resistance analysis
is intended to awaken the client to the reasons for the reject
ion (resistance). The counselor asks the client's attention to
interpret the resistance
• Interpretation, which is revealing what is contained behind
what the client says, both in free associations, dreams, resis
tance, and client transference. The counselor establishes, ex
plains and even teaches the client about the meaning of beh
avior manifested in dreams, free association, resistance and
transference.
2. Individual Counseling
• Figure : Alfred Adler
• Role of counselor : reduce the intensity of feel
ings of inferiority, correct wrong habits in
perception, set life goals, increase social intere
st.
 Counseling Techniques
• Comparative technique :
the counselor compares himself with the coun-
selee
• Dream analysis technique :
to find lifestyle patterns and goals for clients
3. Client Centered Counseling
• Figure: Carl Rogers
• Carl Rogers developed Client-centered therapy in
reaction to what he called the fundamental
limitations of psychoanalysis.
The main concept of Client-Centered Therapy
• the client is the best expert for himself and the
person who is able to solve his own problems
• humans are basically both positive characteris-
tics, forward moving, constructive, realistic
Counseling technique
• Empathy : the ability of the counselor to feel
together with the client
• Positive regard (acceptance) : really appreci-
ate clients because of their existence
• Congruence : transparent conditions
4. Gestalt Counseling
• Figure: Max Wertheimer
• The Gestalt counseling approach holds that humans
in their lives are always active as a whole.
• Every individual has the ability to accept personal
responsibility, has the drive to develop awareness
that will lead to the formation of integrity or personal
integrity
• Gestalt counseling techniques: confrontation,
dialogue, role playing, breaking a dead end,
re-experience unfinished business in the form
of revenge and guilt
Cognitive Counseling Techniques
1. Cognitive Behavior Counseling (CBT)
 Figure : Aaron T Beck.
 Definition : Aaron T. Beck (1964) Cognitive Behavior is a c
ounseling approach designed to solve current counselee’s
problems by conducting cognitive restructuring and deviant
behavior (Hirmaningsih & Damayanti, 2015).
Techniques
 Make changes in cognition, emotions, and behavior.
 Refuting the client's irrational beliefs.
 Behavior counseling techniques have types:
a. Increase behavior (positive reinforcement, economic
token, shaping, contingency contracting).
b. Lowering behavior (Extinction, time-out, flooding, sat
iation, punishment, systematic decentralization).
Resume from (Hirmaningsih & Damayanti, 2015)
2. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling
 Figure : Albert Ellis (1913)
 Definition : Counseling (REBT) is counseling that emphasize
s the interaction of thinking and common sense (rational thinki
ng), feeling (emoting), and behaving (acting) (Winkel & Hastut
i, 2004). Using some techniques in cognition, affection, and b
ehavior (Gladding, 2012).
Techniques
 All the process will be very effective if all forms are done (Wal
en et al in Gladding, 2012) :
a. Cognition Techniques (opposition, and teaching).
b. Affection Techniques (self modeling, humor, andpractice f
acing shame).
c. Behavior Techniques (reinforcement, assertive exercise,
behavior disputation, roleplay, homework assignments, s
ocial modeling)
 3) Transaktional Analysis Counseling
 Figures : Eric Berne (1910-1970)
 Definition : Analisis Transaksional (AT) adalah salah satu pendekatan Psychotherapy
yang menekankan pada hubungan interaksional. Transaksional maksudnya ialah hub
ungan komunikasi antara seseorang dengan orang lain. (http://semahafiyudi.blogspot.
com/2013/04/teori-dan-pendekatan-konseling-analisis.html) )
Techniques
 Scenario analysis or questionnaires help clients realize the orders of the early period t
hey receive.
 Clients actively participate in diagnosis and interpretation, making their own interpretat
ions and assessments.
 Confrontation.
 Contracts are considered important.
 Asking is the basic part of AT

Resume from (Hirmaningsih & Damayanti, 2015)

4) Trait and Factor Counseling
 Figure : E.G. Williamson
 Defintion : Trait and Factor Approach according to
the dictionary the term counseling and therapy, is o
ne of the terms of counseling from Minnesota, whic
h is known as counseling or centralized counselor,
has a basic foundation with regard to humans as a
source of systems and interrelated factors (Budiarj
o et al, 1991) .
Techniques
 Individual differences.
 There is no particular technique.
 Depend on the flexibility and proficiency of the cou
nselor.
 Important: help clients understand themselves (stre
ngth and weakness), help plan programs and help
clients implement the program.
Behavioral Counseling Techniques
 2. Reality Counseling
 Figures :William Glasser

Techniques
 The goal is to make the client can make his own
interpretation and value judgment.
 The approach can be supportive and
confrontational.
 1. Behavior Counseling
 Figures : John B. Watson (1878-1958).

Techniques
 Very unsuitable if the problem is related to
emotions.
 Behavioral systematic decentralization techn
iques, implosive theory and flooding, asserti
ve training, aversion therapy, operant conditi
oning, etc.
 Special Technique
• Assertive Exercise
This technique is used to train clients who have difficulty
expressing themselves that his/her actions are proper or correc
t.
• Systematic desensitization
Behavioral counseling techniques that focus help to calm c
lients from the tension experienced by teaching clients to rela
x.
• Aversion Conditioning
This technique can be used to eliminate bad habits.
• Model Behavior Formation
This technique can be used to form new behaviors for clients, and strengthen established
behaviors.
• Dialogue Game
This technique is done by the way the client is conditioned to dialogue two conflicting
tendencies, namely the tendency of top dogs and the tendency of under dogs.

Through this contradictory dialogue, according to Gestalt's view, the client will eventually
directing himself to a position where he dares to take risks. Application this dialogue game can
be carried out using the "empty chair" technique.
• My Exercise is Responsible
To help clients recognize and accept his/her feelings rather than
projecting his feelings to others
• Adaptive
Techniques used to train, encourage and familiarize the client to
continually adjust himself to the desired behavior
Technique of Psychotherapy
 Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy
• View human nature
• Structure of Personality
• Consciousnes and Unconciousnes
• Past experiences analysis

• Goals: to increase adaptive functioning, which

involves the reduction of symptomps and the
resolution of conflict (in Corey, 2013)
 Kind of techniques
There are several techniques in psychoanalysis therapy:
1. Free Association
• Say what comes to mind
• Free the flow of thoughts and emotions
• The therapist helps get hope and the subconscious mind
• The therapist's task is to identify the material being repressed
• Therapists interpret material and provide insight
• Therapists listen to hidden meanings.
Example: sprained tongue.
2. Interpretation
• Function: encourages the ego to absorb new material and sp
eed up the process unconscious material disclosure.
• Analysts explain behavior in dreams, free association
• Translating client material
• Interpret material that is not realized
• Demonstrates detained behavior, then interprets emotions o
r conflicts which underlie.
3. Dream Analysis
• Feelings are suppressed or a reflection of the mind
• Contents of dreams: symbols or actual signs
• Analysts learn the contents of dreams and interpret symbols
• Dream work: the process of transforming symbols into materi
al that has a lot of meaning
4. Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance
• Freud: resistance as an unconscious dynamic used by clients as defense against anxiety, which will
increase if the client becomes aware of encouragement and the feeling he was repressing.
• Interpretation to help clients become aware of the reasons behind their resistance
• The analyst raises the client's attention and interprets the most visible responses (to avoid client
rejection and make it easier for clients to see behavior resistive)
• Resistance is seen as something normal in enduring anxiety but inhibits the client's ability to
experience more life satisfying
• Encourage clients to address unfinished business to the therapist
• Occurs when the client revives early conflicts
• The client views the analyst as the same figure as the past person
• Transferens are made to align the past with the present understanding and awareness of the
influence of the past on the present
• Self-awareness automatically leads to changes in client conditions
 Limitations of Psychoanalysis
• Too long
• Expensive
• Requires a lot of therapist training
• The therapist is in control during the session
• Not much focus on behavior/cognition
 Humanistic
Psychotherapy

Definition Kinds
Goals

Humanistic psychotherapy • Client-Centered

is a therapy which handle
human as a whole (Sunberg To help client achieve
positive self-regard,
dkk, 2007).
acceptance of the self, and
self-actualisation (Hill, 2001).
Therapy
• Gestalt Therapy
• Existential Analysis
• Transactional Analysis
1. Client-Centered 2. Gestalt Therapy
Therapy
• The founder is Carl • The founder is Fritz Perl
Rogers
• A therapy that may be
• A therapy that Kinds of quite directive in forcing
focus on seeing the the client to avoid phoney
client as the one Humanistic or non-genuine behavior /
who know and can
solve their problem.
Psychotherapy statements and may
employ the empty chair
technique.
• Goals : To provide
client with positive • Goals: To enable client to
self regard and set recognise and accept all
them on the path to aspects of themselves to
self actualisasion in become a whole person.
non-directive way.
3. Existential 4. Transactional
Analysis Analysis
• The founder is Rollo • The founder is Eric
May
Kinds of Berne

• Goals : To help Humanistic • Goals : To help

clients find meaning clients identify anf
in their lives. Psychotherapy explore the child,
adult, and parent
aspects of their
character in role
play situation.
 Cognitive Psychotherapy
Definition
Goals
Cognitive psychotherapy is a
To cure or alleviate the underlying mental
causes of disorder by restructuring the therapy which handle human
maladaptive thought processes that thought or thinking process
causing it.
and focus on current thinking
(Sunberg dkk, 2007).

Kinds
• Cognitive Restructuring Therapy • Self-Instructional Training
• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy • Personal Construct Therapy
 1. Cognitive Restructuring Therapy
• The founder is Aaron Beck.

• This therapy involves the identification and restructuring of

faulty thinking as a collaborative process between the client
and the therapist.

Kinds of • The therapy gently point out errors in logic and contradictory
evidence then let the client decide their thinking.

Cognitive
Therapy 2. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
• The founder is Albert Ellis.

• This therapy involves identifying generalized irrational and

false beliefs (ex. ‘i must blablabla’).

• The therapy forcibly persuading the client to change them,

often through reality testing to more rational beliefs.
 3. Self-Instructional Training
• The founder is Donald Meichenbaum.

• This therapy assumes many problems are cause by negative,

irrational, and self-defeating inner dialogues.

Kinds of
• The therapy identifies maladaptive inner dialogues and gets
the client to substitute them for better inner statements by
verbally repeating.

Cognitive
Therapy 4. Personal Construct Therapy
• The founder is George Kelly.

• This therapy is based upon his theory of personality.

• The therapy identifies through the use of the Repertory

Grid technique and then altered so they become more
accurate or functional.
 Behavioral psychotherapy
• Focus on directly observable behavior, current determi
nants of behavior, learning experiences that promote
change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual
clients, and rigorous assessment and evaluation (Corey,
2013)

• Goals: help clients to change behavior, that is behavior

that can be observed and measured (in Palmer, 2010)
 Kind of techniques
1. Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning Techniques
• Positive and negative reinforcement
• Extinction
• Positive and negative puishment

2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation

• Jacobson (1938) develop the progressive muscle relaxation procedure
• Teach people to cope with the stresses produces by daily living
• Goals: achieving muscle and mental relaxation

3. Systematic Desensitization
• Based on the principle of classical conditioning
• Developed by Josep Wolpe
• This technique can be considered a form of exposure therapy because
clients are required to expose themselves to anxiety-arousing images
as a way to reduce anxiety
4. In Vivo Exposure and Flooding
• In Vivo Exposure :
Involves client exposure to the actual-evoking events rather
than simply imagining these situations

• Flooding :
refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evo
king stimuli for prolognged period of time
Consist of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anx
iety-producing stimuli
5. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
• Develop by Francine Shapiro (2001)
• A form of exposure therapy
• Entails assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding,
and cognitive restructuringin the treatment of individual
s with traumatic memories
• The treatment involves the use of rapid, rhythmic eye m
ovements and other bilateral stimulation
• Treat the client who have experienced traumatic stress
6. Social Skills Training
• A broad category that deals with an individual’s ability to in
teract effectively with others in various social situations
• Help client to develop and achieve skills in interpersoanl co
mpetence

7. Self-Management Programs and Self-Directed Behavior

• Include self monitoring, self-reward, self-contracting, and stimulus control
• The basic idea of self-management assessments and interventions is that change can b
e brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in problematic situations
8. Multimodal Theraphy: Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Developed by Arnold Lazarus
• A comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy
• Multimodal therapy is an open system that encourages technical eclecticism in that it applies diverse behavior
al techniques to a wide range of problems

9. Application to Group Coinseling

• Group-based behavioral approaches emphasize teaching clients self-management skills and a range of new
coping behaviors, as well as how to restructure their thoughts.
Intervention Designs
Intervention Design :
Group Counseling
Design Title : ”The Influence of Group Counseling on Increasing
Resilience in Middle Adolescent with Divorced Parents”

Intervention : Group Counseling

Target : Middle Adolescent in Senior High School with Divorced Parents

Time : This group counseling consist of 6 session, each session requires

±60 minutes

Goals : To make it easier for adolescent with divorced parents to rise

up again from the problems they face, re-grow their spirit of
life, and be able to grow and develop in their lives, so that
there are no trauma or obstacles in their growth process.
Intervention Design :
Group Counseling

Equipments : 1. Data of Students in Senior High School with Divorced Parents

in Pekanbaru, Riau
2. Resiliece Scale (Smith Brief Resilience Scale)
3. Observation paper
4. Self-Observation paper
5. Module of Group Counseling as the guidance
6. Informed Consent (Group Counseling Activities Contract)
7. Hand out, that will be given to the subject so that they will
easily understand the materials.
Intervention Design :
Group Counseling
Brief Design of Session :
Session Materials Goals Time

1 Orientation, Ice For an introduction to the activities ±60 minutes

Breaking, and Informed of group counseling
Consent
2 Self-understanding To build a subject so that you know ±60 minutes
him better
3 Self-potential To recognize self potential ±60 minutes

4 Develop Self-potential To provide an overview of managing ±60 minutes

5 Positive Self-concept
6 Self Stabilization
self potential
To give direction to be objective ±60 minutes
in recognizing yourself
To make the subject able to plan ±60 minutes
future behavior in a better
direction.
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Thank you