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Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
classifying
recording summarising
Accounting vs Auditing
Auditing
audit evidence.
Deciding number & types
of items to test
Evaluating results
Types of Audits
Operational- to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of
the procedure
Established
Loan agreement provisions
Criteria
Available Financial statements and
Evidence calculations by the auditor
Financial Statements Audit
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Auditor’s Independence
• Audit Independence is the cornerstone of auditing.
Independence is the essence that underlies the success
and credibility of the accounting profession and its
service to the public.
• Maintaining independence allows the auditing and
accounting profession to be self-regulated, a highly
prestigious character. This objectivity permits the
profession to perform its attestation and monitoring
functions effectively.
• Independence is also a key component of the agency
theory of auditing. In the management /shareholder
agency relationship it is important that the monitoring
function (audit) is and is seen to be separate from
management, for it to be a ‘value added’ service.
• Independence mean a state of mind that involves
objectivity in mind and in appearance and absence of
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Independence in appearance
Independence in Appearance
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MIA By-Law Fundamental principles
(c) Professional Competence and Due Care - to
maintain professional knowledge and skill at the
level required
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MIA By-Law Fundamental principle
Confidentiality
The following are circumstances where may be
required to disclose confidential information is
considered appropriate:
1. Disclosure is permitted by law and is authorised
by the client.
2. Disclosure as evidence in the course of legal
proceedings.
3. There is a professional duty or right to disclosure
to comply with quality review of MIA, to protect
the professional interest and to comply with
ethical requirements. 20
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Specific threats to independence
Financial interests
Loans and guarantees
Close business, family and personal relationships
Employment relationships
Recent service and serving as an officer on the
board of assurance clients
Long association
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Specific to independence
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Threats to independence-self-interest
Self-interest threats may arise as a result of the financial or
other interests of members or of immediate or close family.
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Threats to independence-
self-review
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Threats to independence-
Advocacy
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Threats to independence-
Familiarity
Having an audit client for a long period of time
may create a familiarity threat to independence.
The severity of the threat depends on such factors
as how long the individual has been on the audit
team, how senior the person is, whether the
client's management has changed and whether the
client's accounting issues have changed in nature or
complexity.
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Threats to independence-
Familiarity
Possible safeguards of familiarity threats include:
• Rotating the senior personnel off the audit team
• Having a professional accountant who was not a
member of the audit team review the work of the
senior personnel
• Regular independent internal or external quality
reviews of the engagement
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Threats to independence-
Intimidation
An intimidation threat arises when members of
the audit team may be deterred from acting
objectively by threats, actual or perceived.
These could arise from family and personal
relationships, litigation, or close business
relationships.
These are also examples of self-interest threats,
largely because intimidation may only arise
significantly when the audit firm has something
to lose.
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The demand for financial statement audit
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Relationships Among Auditors, Client,
and External Users
Provides capital
External
Client
Users
Client provides financial
statements to users
AGENCY THEORY & THE
The principal-agent
NEED FOR AUDITING
relationship between the
owner and manager often
AGENCY RELATIONSHIP resulted in information
asymmetry between the two
parties. The manager
generally has more
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY
information about the true
financial position of the
Company. Because their
CONFLICT OF INTEREST goals may not coincide, there
is a natural conflict of interest
between the manager and the
owner. This gives rise to the
THE NEED FOR AUDITING
need for auditing.
Objective of financial statement audit(ISA200)
• The phrases used to express the auditor’s opinion are "give a true and
fair view" or "present fairly, in all material respects," which are
equivalent terms.
Concept of Reasonable Assurance
Inherent limitation of audit
The auditor cannot obtain absolute assurance that the financial
statements are free from material misstatement due to fraud or error.
This is because there are inherent limitations of an audit, which
result in most of the audit evidence on which the auditor draws
conclusions and bases the auditor’s opinion being persuasive rather
than conclusive. The inherent limitations of an audit arise from:
For example, this is often the case with respect to certain accounting
estimates. Nevertheless, the ISAs require the auditor to give specific
consideration to whether accounting estimates are reasonable in the context
of the applicable financial reporting framework and related disclosures, and
to the qualitative aspects of the entity’s accounting practices, including
indicators of possible bias in management’s judgments.
Concept of Reasonable Assurance
The Nature of Audit Procedures
There are practical and legal limitations on the auditor’s ability to obtain
audit evidence. For example: There is the possibility that management or others
may not provide, intentionally or unintentionally, the complete information
that is relevant to the preparation of the financial statements or that has
been requested by the auditor. Accordingly, the auditor cannot be certain of
the completeness of information, even though the auditor has performed audit
procedures to obtain assurance that all relevant information has been
obtained.
The matter of difficulty, time, or cost involved is not in itself a valid basis for the
auditor to omit an audit procedure for which there is no alternative or to be
satisfied with audit evidence that is less than persuasive.
Appropriate planning assists in making sufficient time and resources available for
the conduct of the audit.
Notwithstanding this, the relevance of information, and thereby its value, tends
to diminish over time, and there is a balance to be struck between the reliability
of information and its cost. This is recognized in certain financial reporting
frameworks .
Securities Commission
- Streamlining and consolidation of the regulatory functions of
capital market
Bursa Malaysia
- Set out the listing requirement and disclosure standard
Regulations
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External vs Internal auditors
Internal auditors (IA) are normally employed by management,
while external auditors (EA)work for an outside audit firm.
IA are hired by the company, while EA are appointed by a
shareholder vote.
IA do not have to be MIA members.
IA are responsible to management, while EA are responsible to
the shareholders.
IA can issue their findings in any type of report format, while EA
must use specific formats for their audit opinions and
management letters.
Internal audit reports are used by management, while external
audit reports could be used by creditors, and lenders.
Introduction
An auditor is empowered under the
Companies Act 2016 (CA) to conduct an
audit of the financial statements of
companies limited by shares. It is the
responsibility and the duty of an auditor,
during an audit, to conduct the audit
with reasonable care. ( Para 271)
Introduction
Auditors are accountable to
statutory law, common law, MIA By-
Laws and auditing standards for
their professional conduct. The
duties of auditor under other
statutory laws and common laws
will be discussed further under the
topic of auditors’ liabililties
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CONCEPT OF True and Fair
view
Thisis the phrase used to express
the auditor’s opinion .
Thisphrase is also used in the
auditing standard and specified in
the Companies Act 2016 ( Para
266)
Directors responsibilities
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Power of an auditor
An auditor is given statutory power under sec 266
of the Company Acts to carry out his duties:
and
The company shall, not less than seven days before the annual general
meeting, send a copy of the notice to the person nominated of the
company and to each person entitled to receive notice of general
meetings of the company.