Oral Communication in

Context

GRADE 12- STEM

 As a future professional, you will be
engaged in both formal and informal
interactions with various people. In each of
these interactions, you will have to use skills
that will enable you to build rapport and
connections with all sorts of people.
Moreover, you are expected to not only
be skilled in your chosen field, but also to be
competent as a communicator. You are
expected to express yourself clearly and
effectively and interact appropriately with
different people depending on the situation.
 It is not enough that you know a
language as there is more to a language than
being able to speak it. It is important that
you know when, where and with whom to
use specific language efficiently and
appropriately. It is not enough that you
have the confidence to speak up your mind.
It is important that when you speak, you
command respect both for yourself and for
the institution your represent. You have
always show sensitivity to respect, and
consideration for other communicator(s).
What is COMMUNICATION ?

A speaker delivering a speech before

an audience is the first thing that probably
comes to mind. Communication is not just
the mere transfer of messages from one
person to another. It involves a Speaker
imparting ideas, concepts and data to a
group of Listeners.

Communication is also about two

people talking.
According to Monroe et al. (1982)

Communication means stirring

up ideas in the mind of another. It
is the sharing of ideas among a
group of people. It is imparting
concepts to an audience.
 Models of Communication
The first and earliest model is that of
ARISTOTLE (5BC), who was a teacher
of Rhetoric and even put up an academy to
produce good speakers.
3 settings in ARISTOTLE’S time

 Legal
 Deliberative
Ceremonial
 Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver (1948)

 gives us the concept of “noise”. This is

often called the Telephone Model because
it is based on the experience of having
the message interfered with by “noise”
from the telephone switchboard back in
the 1940s.
 in this model, Shannon and Weaver assert
that the Message sent by the Source
(Speaker) is not necessarily the Message
received by the Destination (Listener).
This is due to the intervention of
“noise” or anything that hampers the
communication. Even today, with our
advanced cellphone technology, there are
still barriers to clear transmission and
reception calls. Dropped calls, calls that
echo, faints signal- all interfere with the
communication of the message
 Wilbur Schramm
 He is considered the father of Mass
Communication. He came up with the five
models, but the Schramm Model (1955)
we are concerned with is the concept
that explains why communication
breakdown occurs. Schramm asserts that
communication can take place if and only
if there is an overlap between the Field of
Experience of the Speaker and the Field
of Experience of the Listener.
What is the Field of Experience?

 it is everything that makes a person

unique-everything he/she has ever
learned, watched, seen, heard, read and or
not studied. In other words, it is
everything a person has ever experienced
or not experienced, done or not done.
 Eugene White (1960)
 who tells us that communication is
circular and continuous, without a
beginning or end. This is why he made a
cyclical model. He also points out that
although we can assume that
communication begins with thinking,
communication can actually be observed
from any point in the circle.
He contributed the concepts of Feedback
to the field of communication. Feedback is
the perception by the Speaker about the
Response of the Listener. The Speaker can
only receive Feedback if the Speaker is
monitoring the Listener. The Speaker will
know what Listener’s Response is only if
he/she is paying attention.