NATURAL HAZARDS

HAZARDS

• A dangerous phenomenon, substance , human activity or

condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruptions or environmental change.
NATURAL HAZARDS HUMAN INDUCED HAZARDS
• Biological • Technological
• Geologic • Bombings
• Hydrometeorological
EARTHQUAKE

• Continually pose a threat to Filipinos. It is the most feared disaster.

• We have experienced low intensity in the different parts of the country.
• While larger earthquakes have claimed many lives and have made mark in
the history.
• E.g Baguio earthquake in 1990
• 2017 Bohol earthquake
• Those are the reason why it is imperative to learn what can be done to
minimize the damage caused by earthquakes and how individuals can
protect themselves in the event a disastrous earthquake suddenly occur.
SEISMOLOGY

• Is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move

through and around the Earth.
• Came from the Greek word “Seismos” meaning earthquake.
SEISMIC WAVES

• Are vibrations generated by a sudden impulse in the earth such

as earthquakes.
• There are various types of seismic wave depending on how
they travel
• Surface waves
• Body waves
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVE
SURFACE WAVES
• These waves only travel through the
Earth’s crust and have lower frequency
than body waves.
• This type of waves causes most of the
destruction due to earth quakes
• Two kinds: Rayleigh waves and Love waves
BODY WAVES
• These waves only travel through the
earth’s interior.
• With higher frequency and the
precursor of surface waves.
• Two kinds: P-waves (primary waves) and
S-waves (Secondary waves)
SURFACE WAVES
RAYLEIGH WAVES
• Named after John William Strutt and Lord
Rayleigh who mathematically studied the
presence of this kind of wave in 1885.
• The movement of this wave is through
rolling up the ground like waves of oceans.
• The ground tends to move up and down as
well as side to side.
LOVE WAVES
• Named after Augustus Edward Hough
Love, a British mathematician who studied
this kind of wave in 1911.
• Faster than Rayleigh and can only be felt in
the earth’s crust.
• This wave shakes the ground only in a
horizontal manner.
BODY WAVES
P-WAVES
• Fastest kind of seismic wave
• Also called as compressional wave
because of its pulling and pushing motion
through rocks.
• It can also pass through water and other
states of matter.
S- WAVES
• The next wave we feel after the first
shaking of the ground.
• Slower than P-waves
• Only passes through solids and do not
travel directly to the earth’s surface
EARTH QUAKE

• Commonly described as simply shaking of the ground. However

this phenomenon is more complex than that.
• It occurs because of the pressure released due to movement of
earth’s plates.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES

• Tectonic earthquake
• Plutonic earthquake
• Volcanic Earthquake
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE

• Caused by abrupt movement of earth along faults.

• Preceded by foreshocks and followed by aftershocks.
• Most dangerous and powerful kind of earthquake
PLUTONIC EARTHQUAKE

• Less destructive. With depth of disturbance of around 300

kilometers to 800 kilometers,
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES

• This earthquake happens because of a volcanic eruptions.

• The intensity and magnitude of the earthquake depends on the
power of the volcanic eruption.
• The stronger the eruption, the greater earthquake may induce,
• Less severe than Tectonic earthquake
WEST VALLEY FAULT

• In the Philippines, one of the most feared earthquakes might happen along
the West Valley Fault.
• It has a dextral strike slip fault systems that runs from Rizal to Taguig City,
• It also extends from Aurora in the North and runs through Metro Manila
including Quezon City, Marikina, Pasig, Makati, Paranaque, Taguig as well as
Laguna and Cavite province.
• According to PHIVOLCS estimated that it can happen anytime with a
magnitude of 7 or higher.
• It has moved 4 times in the past 1400 years. On the average it moves
every 400 years.
• The last quake that occurred along this fault happened 355 years ago.
• Referred to as the “Big One” it is expected to happened in this generation
or in generations to come that would leave huge death tolls and economic
losses.
EARTHQUAKE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
EFFECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

MAGNITUDE
• Measure of the actual size of the
earthquake
• Computed mathematically
• Measured using the Richter Scale
INTENSITY
• Refers to the actual effects and damages
made by an earthquake
• Uses the 12 point Mercalli Scale
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING EARTHQUAKES

• Animal Behavior
• Change in atmosphere
• Electromagnetic disturbance
• Boom sound
EARTHQUAKE RELATED HAZARDS

• Ground shaking
• Liquefaction
• Surface rupture
• Tsunamis
• Sinkholes
• Landslides and rock falls
• Fire
GROUND SHAKING

• One of the most common hazards of earthquakes. Shaking of the ground

causes the most damage during an earthquake.
• Ground shaking depends on the location of the fault and the distance to
the epicenter.
LIQUEFACTION

• Is a process in which soft and sandy soils can behave like fluid.
• It is a direct effect of ground shaking which makes particles of soil less
compact and makes it flow.
• As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediment will either sink or tilt as
the sediment could no longer hold the load.
GROUND RUPTURE

• Displacement on the ground due to movement of fault.

• This will be experienced by areas where fault passes through.
• Movement may be vertical or horizontal or both
EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDES

• Because of shaking of the ground, cliff and steep sloping areas

tend to collapse, causing landslides.
• Fractured rocks when disturbed by large earthquakes can
damage and block major roads.
TSUNAMIS

• Is a huge series of waves generated by an earthquake.

• It can rise up to 10 feet and can cause severe damage to
coastline communities.
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING TSUNAMI
A STRONG FELT EARTHQUAKE

• if the ground shakes under your feet in a coastal region, a

tsunami may have been caused by a strong undersea
earthquake. However, you may not feel an earthquake if the
event is far away.
OCEAN WATER DISAPPEAR FROM THE BEACH, BAY
OR RIVER

• Water may recede from the shoreline before returning as a fast

moving wall of water. If you notice the water is disappearing, tell
your family and friends to evacuate and move to a higher
ground/place.
UNUSUAL ROARING SOUND

• If you hear a loud roar approaching ( like a passenger jet or a

train) evacuate immediately as this could be a sign of a tsunami
approaching.
EARTHQUAKE
READINESS
IMPORTANT THINGS WE NEED TO DO TO SURVIVE AN EARTHQUAKE
ARRANGE A DISASTER OR EMERGENCY SUPPLY KIT

• Medications
• Sturdy shoes, clothes and blankets
• Cash
• Flashlights and extra batteries and light bulbs
• Bottled water
• Food – Easy to open canned goods. Food high in water and calories
MAKE AN EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS PLAN

• This includes evacuation plans

• Contact details of relatives or friends who are far from your area
• Location of your emergency supplies
DISCUSS EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS PLAN WITH
YOUR FAMILY
• Everyone should be well informed on what to do in case family members are not
together.
• Set up a place where to meet
SECURE HAZARDS

• Have an expert assess your place.

• Costly but is proven to reduce risk of injury or casualty
LEARN ABOUT EARTHQUAKE RISK IN YOUR AREA

• Coordinate with the local authorities for historical information and earthquake
preparedness in your area.
PRACTICE THE DROP, COVER AND HOLD- ON
DRILL
• Drop under a sturdy desk or table, hold on, and protect your eyes by pressing your face
against your arms.
• Do not go outside during and immediately after an earthquake
PROTECT YOUR PROPERTIES

• Get covered by insurance

SECURE IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

• For evacuation purposes

WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE?

• Find a safe spot in your house and classroom

• Drop, cover and hold on
• If you’re outdoors, find a place away from buildings, power lines and streetlights.
• If inside a vehicle, pullover to a clear location, stop and stay with seat belt fastened until
the shaking stops
• Do not leave your safe place while there is an earthquake
• Use the stairs and not elevators when leaving establishments
• If you’re in a coastal are, move to a higher ground because a tsunami might happen after
an earthquake
• If you’re in a mountainous area, be vigilant for rock falls and landslides
WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?

• Check for injuries.

• Check for hazards such as fire, leaks, chemical spill
• Be cautious of damaged buildings
• Help injured persons in your area
• Eliminate fire hazards using fire extinguisher or water
• Check if there are damages in your electricity system
• Expect aftershocks, leave the house if it is unsafe
• Tune in to the current news by listening to radio