6.

9
MACRONUTRIENTS
&
MICRONUTRIENTS IN PLANTS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 List elements required by plants,
 Classify elements required by
plants based on the amount
needed,
 Relate the effects of macronutrient
deficiency in plants.
 Explain the function of each
macronutrient in plants,
 State the function of
micronutrients & effects of
micronutrient deficiency in plants.
 MACROnutrients : needed in LARGE
quantities
 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous,
Potassium (Kalium), Calcium, Magnesium
& Sulphur.

 MICROnutrients : needed in SMALL

quantities.
 Boron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Manganese,
Copper & Ferum
 Wilhelm Knop (scientist) successfully prepared a solution
which can provide a plant with all the nutrients it needs

 The solution is known as Knop’s Solution.

Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 0.8g
Potassium nitrate, KNO3 0.2g
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 0.2g
Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4 0.2g
Ferum (III) phosphate, FePO4 Trace
Distilled water 1 litre
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Describe the development that leads to the
discovery of photosynthesis,
 State the substances required for photosynthesis,
 State the substances produced from photosynthesis,
 Draw & label the cross section of leaf
 State the function of each part of the leaf with
respect to photosynthesis,
 Explain leaf adaptation to optimise photosynthesis,
 Explain how plants from different habitats are
adapted to carry out photosynthesis.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 The biochemical process which light

energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, and is
used to synthesis of sugar molecules

“The process where organic compounds are

synthesised from water & carbon dioxide
in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll.”
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE PARTS OF A
LEAF
 Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal Photosynthesis

 Thearrangement of leaves is also adapted

to optimize photosynthesis.

 Most plants spread out their leaves in such

a way that there is minimal overlapping
known as leaf mosaic  every leaf can
receive sunlight.
 Adaptation of plants from different habitats for
photosynthesis

 Two main aspects :

 The distribution of stomata
 The distribution of chloroplasts

 Examples :
 Hibiscus : land
 Water lily : water surface
 Hydrilla : in the water
 Cactus : desert
 6.11:
THE MECHANISM
OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 To identify the parts of chloroplast related to
photosynthesis,
 To explain the light reaction & dark reaction of
photosynthesis,
 To compare & contrast light reaction & dark
reaction in photosynthesis,
 To relate light reaction with dark reaction in
photosynthesis,
 To write an equation to represent the process of
photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis occurs
in the chloroplasts of
mesophyll cells &
guard cells of the leaf.

 Consistof two part :

stroma & grana

 Each granum contain

chlorophyll that
absorb energy of
sunlight
 The process of photosynthesis is divided into two:
 Light reaction
 Dark reaction

 Light reaction : occurs in the granum (contain

chlorophyll) photolysis of water

 Dark reaction : occurs in the stroma (gel-like

matrix – contain enzymes)  CO2 is reduced to
carbohydrate in a process called fixation of CO2
(reduction of CO2)
 LIGHT REACTION
 Occurs in granum

 Chlorophyll captures light  excites the

electrons of chlorophyll to higher level

 Light
energy is used to split the water
molecules  hydroxyl ions + hydrogen ions
(photolysis of water)
 LIGHT REACTION
 24H2O sunlight 24H+ + 24OH-
chlorophyll

 The hydrogen ions combine with the electrons

released by chlorophyll to form hydrogen atoms

 24H + + 24 electrons  24H

 The hydrogen atom are used in ‘dark reaction’ to

reduce CO2.
 LIGHT REACTION

 Each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to the

chlorophyll  hydroxyl groups  combine
together to form H2O & O2

 24OH-  24OH + 24 electrons

 24OH 12H2O + 6O2

 LIGHT REACTION
 Oxygen is released into the atmosphere &
later used for cellular respiration

 Energy released from the excited electrons

is used to form ATP

 The ATP molecules and hydrogen atom

(24 H) then move to the stroma to provide
energy and reducing power respectively
(dark reaction)
 DARK REACTION
 Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

 Hydrogen atoms from ‘light reaction’ react

with carbon dioxide and produce glucose
(CH2O) – reduction of CO2 to glucose

 Involves a series of complex chemical

reactions which require enzymes
 6CO2 + 24H  6(CH2O) + 6H2O
 DARK REACTION
 Sixunits of (CH2O) combine together to
form a molecule of glucose

 6(CH2O) C6H12O6
 6H2O +6CO2 sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll

 Glucose is converted into starch, cellulose,

sucrose & lipids. When combined with
nitrogen  protein
COMPARISON OF LIGHT REACTION & DARK REACTION
LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION
SIMILARITIES
•Both occur in the chloroplast
•Both involve chemical reactions
•Both are reactions related to photosynthesis
•Both occur during the day
DIFFERENCES
Occurs in granum Occurs in stroma
Requires sunlight Does not require sunlight
Involves photolysis of water Involves reduction of carbon dioxide
Produces water & oxygen Produces glucose
Substance required in reaction is Substance required in reaction is
water carbon dioxide
 LET’S SING!
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 6. 12 :
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify the factors affecting the rate of
photosynthesis,
 Identify the factor that limits the rate of
photosynthesis at different light intensities,
 Explain the effects of temperature &
concentration of CO2 on the rate of
photosynthesis,
 Explain the difference in the rate of
photosynthesis in plants throughout the day
based on the changes in light intensity &
temperature,
 Identify some ways to meet the need of
increasing the productivity of crops based on
factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
 CONCENTRATION OF CO2
 Conc.of CO2 in the atmosphere varies between
0.03% to 0.04%

 Light intensity & temperature are kept constant

 the rate of photosynthesis increases until a
saturation point is reach

 Afterthis point, any further increase in the conc.

of CO2 has no effect on the rate of
photosynthesis

 Limited by (light intensity), not enough to

increase the rate of photosynthesis
 Effect of concentration of CO2 on the
rate of photosynthesis

10
rate of photosynthesis

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
concentration of CO2
 LIGHT INTENSITY
 Temperature & concentration of CO2 are kept
constant, the rate of photosynthesis can be
increased by increasing the light intensity up to
the light saturation point.

 After this point, any further increase in light

intensity has no effect on the rate of
photosynthesis (limiting factor : CO2 conc.)

 Can be increased by increasing the CO2 conc.

 Effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis at different levels of
CO2 concentration
10
rate of photosynthesis

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
karbon dioksida tinggi light intensity
karbon dioksida rendah
 TEMPERATURE

 Therate of photosynthesis increases as the

temperature increase  enzymes more active

 Optimum temp. is between 30oC to 35oC

 >40oC,the rate of reaction decrease  enzymes

denatured  photosynthesis stops

 Ifthe light intensity is too low, any increase in

temperature will not increase the rate of
photosynthesis
 Effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis at different light intensity
rate of photosynthesis

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
temperature
Compensation point – the rate of carbon dioxide
produced by cellular respiration EQUALS to the rate of
carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis .
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS THROUGHOUT THE DAY WITH THE
CHANGES IN LIGHT INTENSITY & TEMPERATURE

 Closely related & change throughout the day

 Light intensity high, the temperature is also

high.

 Tropicalcountry, LI & T are at their

maximum at noon time. The rate of
photosynthesis is also maximum.
 Iftemperature increases above 40oC, the
rate of photosynthesis decreases.

 Intemperate country (4 seasons), LI & T

change throughout the year.

 Winter: LI & T are very low.

Photosynthesis hardly occurs
 Autumn : the rate of photosynthesis is at its
lowest  plants shed their leaves & light
intensity as well as the temperature are
very low

 Summer : LI & T are at their optimum

level for photosynthesis, the rate of
photosynthesis is at its maximum.
 Summer is the best time for agricultural

 To overcome the problem, the plants need to be

planted in greenhouse.

 In a greenhouse, the conc. of carbon dioxide,

temperature & light intensity are at optimum
levels for photosynthesis.

 The rate of photosynthesis is at its maximum

throughout the year, ensure the crop production
throughout the year.
 6.13 PRACTISING A CARING ATTITUDE TOWARDS
PLANTS
 Must be thankful to plants
 Practise a caring attitude towards them
 Why?
 Plants produce food as a source of energy for us,
maintaining the oxygen & carbon dioxide
content in atmosphere
 Without plants, there will be more CO2 & less O2
in the atmosphere  cause global warming
 Not destroy forests @ chop down plants
indiscriminately. Should grow more plants
around us.
6.14 – Technology in Food Production
 Toimprove the quality & quantity of food
production in Malaysia through :
 Direct seeding from rice
 Hydroponics & aeroponics
 Breeding
 Tissue culture
 Genetic engineering
 Soil management
 Biological control
 6.15 :
TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN
FOOD PROCESSING
 Fresh food can last only for a short time,
easily spoilt.

 Need to be processed in order to last

longer

 Technology for food processing :

 Changing raw food materials to other
forms
 Adding certain chemical
 The necessity for food processing are :
 Destroying m/organisms
 Extending the lifespan of food
 Avoiding food wastage
 Diversifying the uses of food, like milk &
dairy products
 Ensuring sufficient food supply because
processed food can last longer & they can
be easily sent to places with insufficient
food supply
 FOOD PROCESSING METHODS
 Cooking (to kill the bad bacteria)
 Using salt, sugar & vinegar (osmosis)
 Fermentation process (yeast is used  glucose 
ethanol + CO2)
 Drying (dehydration)
 Pasteurisation (heated to certain temp and
rapid cooling)
 Canning (sterilised at high temp, above 120oC,
the container is vacuum to kill bacteria,
prevent bacteria from growing)
 Refrigeration (slow down the action of
microorganism, temp low to -15oC)