Kritika sa Usapin ng

Representasyon:
Media, Symbolikong
Karahasan, at ang
Ideolohiya ng Iilan
choy pangilinan
UP Film Institute
“We are getting closer and closer to the
point where the social world is primarily
described—and in a sense—prescribed—
by television.”

–Pierre Bourdieu (On Television)

Kontextualisasyon sa Media
 Kolonial na kasayasayan ng media sa
Pilipinas (Hal. pelikula, radyo, telebisyon)

 Media bilang negosyo at enterprise

 Media bilang ‘entertainment’ at receptacle

ng ‘information’
Kontextualisasyon ng Media
 Ang media bilang ‘cultural form’

 Ang media bilang bahagi ng “cultural

industries”

 Media bilang sityo ng representasyon at

meaning making

 Media at konstruksyon ng ‘Real’

Pagtukoy sa mga Uri ng Media
 Radio

 Television

 Advertising

 New Media

 Journalistic Field

 Pelikula
Guideposts in the Study of Culture
and Broadcast Texts
 Marx and Mental Production

“The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the

ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material
force of society, is at the same time its ruling
intellectual force. The class which has the means of
material production at its disposal has control at the
same time over the means of mental production, so
that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those
who lack the means of mental production are subject
to it.”—Karl Marx (The German Ideology)
Guideposts in the Study of Culture
and Broadcast Texts
 the Frankfurt School and “cultural
industries”
the link of culture, media and the logic of
capitalism
the Broadcast Field and the Mass Production
of Meaning
“commodification, standardization, and
massification” of culture
Ilang Batayang Kaisipan sa Pag-
unawa at Pagtuturo ng Media
 the Frankfurt School at ang idea
ng“cultural industries”
“The culture industries had the specific function,
however, of providing ideological legitimization of
the existing capitalist societies and of integrating
individuals into the framework of its social
formation. “—Douglas Kellner (Critical
Perspectives on Television)
Ilang Batayang Kaisipan sa Pag-
unawa at Pagtuturo ng Media
 Propaganda Model nina Chomsky at
Herman

Media ownership

‘filters’

the Political Economic Paradigm

Ilang Batayang Kaisipan sa Pag-
unawa at Pagtuturo ng Media
“It is our view that, among their other
functions, the media serves, and
propagandize on behalf of the powerful
societal interests that control and finance
them. The representatives of these interests
have important agendas and principles that
they want to advance, and they are well
positioned to shape and constrain media
policy.”
—Chomsky and Herman (Manufacturing
Consent)
Ilang Batayang Kaisipan sa Pag-
unawa at Pagtuturo ng Media
 Ang Media bilang Kulturang Popular

Media, Representation, Reception, and

Negotiated Meanings

Media at Kontruksyon ng Kultural na

Kategorya (eg. cultural categories of class,
sexuality, gender, race, ethnicity)
Ilang Batayang Kaisipan sa Pag-
unawa at Pagtuturo ng Media
“Commercial culture does manufacture
ideology; it relays and reproduces and
processes and packages and focuses
ideology that is constantly arising both from
social elites and from active social groups
and movements throughout the society (as
well as within media organizations and
practices)”
—Todd Gitlin (Prime Time Ideology: The
Hegemonic Process in Television
Entertainment)
Pagtukoy sa Ugat ng Pakahulugan:
Ang Diskurso ng Media Field
 the media system (Hal. TV)

 Social Actors at Agency

 Relasyon ng Kapangyarihan
Pagtukoy sa Ugat ng Pakahulugan:
Ang Diskurso ng Media Field
 Class
systems of capital (symbolic, cultural
and economic) and the constitution of
the Field and Text

 Ang Broadcast field at “Structural”/

Economic Pressure
“A field is a structured social space, a
field of forces, a force field. It contains
people who dominate and others who
are dominated. Constant, permanent
relationships of inequality operate inside
this space, which at the same time
becomes a space in which the various
actors struggle for the transformation or
preservation of the field.”

—Pierre Bourdieu (On Television)

Hugpungan ng Media at Symbolic
Violence
 Ugnayan ng Media at Represyon

 Ang media bilang Hegemoniko

 Symbolic Violence at ang “Politics” of the

Everyday
Hugpungan ng Media at Symbolic
Violence

“Symbolic Violence is violence with tacit

complicity between its victims and its
agents, insofar as both remain
unconscious of submitting to or wielding
to it.”

—Pierre Bourdieu (On Television)

Broadcast Media and the Erasure
of Seeing
 Broadcast media and the depolitization of
the masses
 Broadcast media as ‘farce’
 Social conformity through media
representation vis a vis a critical
conception of social realities
 Broadcast media and the
mediation/mediatization of ‘reality’
Ang Media bilang Lunan ng
Ideolohiya ng Iilan
“Virtual reality simply generalizes this
procedure of offering a product deprived of
its substance; it provides reality itself
deprived of its substance, of the hard
resistant kernel of the Real—just as
decaffeinated coffee smells and tastes like
real coffee without being so. Virtual Reality
is experienced as reality without being so.”

—Slavoj Zizek (Welcome to the Desert of the

Real)
Tungo sa Kritikal na Konsepsyon
ng Media at Lipunang Filipino

 Ang pagbaling sa interbensyong kritikal,

kritikal na pedagohiya, at isang kritikal
na media studies paradigm
 Kontextualisasyon sa media base sa
rubric ng ideolohiya, kapitalismo, at neo-
liberal agenda
 Pagtukoy sa mga counter media texts
bilang konkretong sityo ng
representational at social struggle
Tungo sa Kritikal na Konsepsyon
ng Media at Lipunang Filipino

 reclaiming the visible, reclaiming the

voice of the masses, reclaiming the Real

 Tungo sa radikalisasyon ng pagbasa sa

media

 Paglikha ng alternative media na

nagsusulong ng transformative action
Sanggunian
Bourdieu, P. (1996). On Television. New
York: NYU Press.
Ellis, J. (1988). Visible Fictions: Cinema,
Television, Video. London: Routledge.
Gitlin, T. (1994). Prime Time Ideology: The
Hegemonic Process in Television
Entertainment. In Television: The Critical
View, Horace Newcomb (ed.). New York:
OUP.