CHAPTER 5

MOTION
(GERAKAN)
Motion on Land (Gerakan di atas darat)

Basikal
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Enjin Diesel Empat Lejang

Lejang Pengambilan
(Injap masuk
buka)

(Injap keluar
(udara) tutup)

(Omboh)
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Enjin Diesel Empat Lejang

Lejang Mampatan

(Kedua-dua
injap tertutup)

(udara dimampat)
(Omboh)
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Enjin Diesel Empat Lejang

Lejang Kuasa
(Kedua-dua injap
tertutup)

(penyembur
bahan api)

Piston (bahan api

(omboh) membakar dan
mengembang)
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Enjin Diesel Empat Lejang

Lejang ekzos

(injap masuk
tutup)
(Gas ekzos
keluar)
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Enjin Diesel Empat Lejang
 FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Enjin Petrol Empat Lejang

1 Induction Stroke
Lejang Pengambilan
spark plug (palam pencucuh)
inlet valve open exhuast valve
close (Injap ekzos
(injap masuk buka)
tutup) of petrol
mixture
cylinder (silinder) and air
piston (omboh) (campuran petrol
dan udara)
rod (batang)
crankshaft
crankcase
 FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Enjin Petrol Empat Lejang

2 Compression Stroke
Lejang mampatan
Both valves close
(Kedua-dua injap
tertutup)
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Enjin Petrol Empat Lejang

3 Power Stroke
Lejang Kuasa
spark plug ignites and burn fuel
(bunga api palam pencucuh membakar bahan api)

(Kedua-dua injap
buka)
 FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Enjin Petrol Empat lejang

4 Exhaust Stroke
Lejang Ekzos
Inlet valve exhuast gas
close (injap escapes (gas ekzos
masuk tutup) keluar)

Exhaust valve
open (injap ekzos
buka)
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Enjin Petrol Empat Lejang
 Differences between 4 Stroke Diesel Engine with 4
Stroke Petrol Engine
Perbezaan antara Enjin Diesel 4 Lejang dengan Enjin
Petrol 4 Lejang

4 Stroke Diesel Engine 4 Stroke Petrol Engine

(Enjin Diesel 4 Lejang) (Enjin Petrol 4 Lejang)
1. Fuel Used : Diesel 1. Fuel Used : Petrol
(Bahan Api Digunakan : (Bahan Api Digunakan :
Diesel) Petrol)
2. Only air is pumped into 2. Mixture of petrol and air
combustion chamber at pumped at the induction
induction stroke. stroke.
(Hanya udara diambil pada (Campuran petrol dan udara
lejang pengambilan) pada lejang pengambian)
 Continued (Bersambung)
4 Stroke Diesel Engine
(Enjin Diesel 4 Lejang)
3 No Spark Plug used. Diesel
sprayed into chamber at
Power Stroke at high
pressure burns diesel.
(Tiada palam pencucuh
digunakan. Penyemburan
diesel membakar diesel pada
lejang kuasa)
4 Heavy and thicker wall of
engine. (Enjin berat dan
dinding lebih tebal)
4 Stroke Petrol Engine
(Enjin Petrol 4 Lejang)
3. Spark plug ignites
compressed fuel and air at
Power Stroke
(Palam pencucuh
mengeluarkan bunga api
lalu membakar petrol
pada lejang kuasa)
4 Light and thinner wall of
engine. (Enjin ringan dan
dinding lebih nipis)
 TWO STROKE ENGINE
Enjin Dua Lejang
UUpward stroke Downward stroke
 Kelajuan, Halaju Dan Pecutan
Characteristic Speed Velocity Acceleration
(Ciri-ciri) (Kelajuan) (Halaju) (Pecutan)

Definition The distance moved in
(Defnisi) an interval time
(Jarak yang dilalui dalam
jangka masa tertentu)
The distance travelled in The change of velocity in
unit time in a stated unit time
direction (Perubahan halaju dalam
(Jarak yang dilalui unit masa)
dalam unit masa dalam
suatu arah tertentu)

Unit m/s, km/h m/s, km/h m/s2

(Unit)

Formula Distance (Jarak) Distance (Jarak) Change of velocity

(Rumusan) Time (masa) Time (masa) Time taken for change
(Perubahan Halaju
Masa untuk perubahan)
 SPEED
Kelajuan
 SPEED - IS A MEASURE OF HOW FAST AN OBJECT
MOVES (NO DIRECTION)
(kelajuan – ukuran bagi kepantasan sesuatu objek
bergerak tanpa arah tertentu)
Distan
Dis tan ce
ce
Time
Time

 FORMULA FOR SPEED:

= Distance
Time
 VELOCITY
Halaju
 VELOCITY – IS THE MEASURE OF THE
DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN A GIVEN TIME IN A
PARTICULAR DIRECTION.
(Halaju – ukuran bagi jarak yang dilalui dalam
masa tertentu dengan arah tertentu.)

 FORMULA FOR VELOCITY

= DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION (metres)
TIME (seconds)
 ACCELERATION
Pecutan
 ACCELERATION – THE CHANGE IN SPEED OR
VELOCITY
(Pecutan – perubahan kelajuan atau halaju)

 FORMULA FOR ACCELERATION:

= CHANGE IN VELOCITY (m/s)
TIME TAKEN (s)
= Final velocity (m/s) – initial velocity (m/s)
time taken (s)
= m/s2
 TICKER TAPE
(PITA DETIK)
Direction of
movement
(Arah gerakan)

Uniform velocity
(Halaju malar)

(arah gerakan)
INERTIA

 Inertia - the tendency of an object to maintain its

original position whether stationary or in motion.
( Inersia- keupayaan objek mengekalkan keadaan
asalnya samada pegun atau bergerak)
Inersia (Inersia)
 Factor that affects the inertia of an objek :
(Faktor yang mempengaruhi inersia) :

The mass of the object (Jisim objek)

 The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger

its inertia
(Semakin besar jisim objek, semakin besar inersia)
The bigger the mass of a moving object, the bigger
its momentum
 MOMENTUM
 Momentum is the multiplication of its mass and
velocity
(momentum = hasil darab jisim dan halaju)

Momentum = mass × velocity

 The bigger the mass of a moving object, the

bigger its momentum

 The bigger the velocity of a moving object, the

bigger its momentum.)
Pressure
5.5 PRESSURE ( Tekanan )

1) Pressure, P = Force, F
Area, A

2) Unit = ( N m-2) or pascal (Pa).

Unit = (N m-2) , atau pascal (Pa)

3) 1 Pa = 1 N m-2
5.6 Hydraulic system / Sistem Hidraulik

Pressure, P Pascal's principle Output force, F2

Tekanan, P Prinsip Pascal
Daya terhasil, F2
 Transmission of Pressure

10 N F2

40

F2 = 10 N x 40 m 2
2m2
10 N = F2
= 200 N
2m2 40 m 2
5.7 The Motion of Vehicles in Water
Gerakan kenderaan dalam Air
Applications of Archimedes' principle / Aplikasi prinsip Archimedes:
• Floating and sinking of submarines
Apungan dan penyelaman kapal selam

Air keluar
 Gerakan Kenderaan Dalam Udara

Daya Gerakan Terhadap Pesawat Dalam Penerbangan

Tujah

Graviti Rintangan
Aeroplane
 5.8 The Motion of Vehicles in Air
Gerakan Kenderaan Dalam Udara
The differences between the jet engine and the rocket
Perbezaan antara enjin jet dengan roket
Jet Engine Differences Rocket
( Enjin Jet ) ( Perbezaan ) ( Roket )
Atmosphere a) Functional area Atmosphere and
( Atmosfera ) (Kawasan yang outer space
berfungsi ) (Atmosfera dan
angkasa Iepas)
Kerosene b) Fuel Liquid hydrogen
(Kerosin) (Bahan api) (Hidrogen cecair)
 5.8 The Motion of Vehicles in Air
Gerakan Kenderaan Dalam Udara
The differences between the jet engine and the rocket
Perbezaan antara enjin jet dengan roket
Jet Engine Differences Rocket
( Enjin Jet ) (Perbezaan) ( Roket )
Drawn from the c) Oxygen Carries its own
Atmosphere (Oksigen) oxygen
(Disedut dari (Membawa bekalan
atmosfera) oksigen sendiri )
Needs long runway d) Launching Goes upwards
(Memerlukan satu (Cara pelancaran) (Dilancarkan secara
landasan yang menegak ke atas)
panjang)
 5.8 The Motion of Vehicles in Air
Gerakan kenderaan dalam Udara
2) Bernoulli's principle (Prinsip Bernoulli)
Pressure decreases
( Tekanan berkurangan)

Velocity increases
(Halaju bertambah)