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Pre-requisite
Digital electronics
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Structure of an Embedded system
2
Definition
3
Possible Reasons:
Communications
Military
Comsumer Industrial
Applications
8
Medical Systems
Pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems,
intensive care units, …
Office Equipment
Printer, copier, fax, …
Tools
Multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …
Banking
ATMs, statement printers, …
Transportation
(Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
Automobiles
Engine management, trip computer, cruise control,
immobilizer, car alarm,
Airbag, ABS, …
Building Systems
Elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries,
locks, alarm systems, …
Agriculture
Irrigation systems, feeding systems, milking systems, …
Space
satellite systems, …
Applications
10
Architecture of an Embedded System
11
The functionality of an Embedded System
12
Processing
• Transformation of data
• Implemented using processors
Storage
• Retention of data
• Implemented using memory
Operating system
Real-Time Systems
13
Processor
Memory
Input Output Devices and
Interfaces
Software
Real-Time Systems
15
sensor
sensor
sensor
Controlling sensor
Environment
System actuator
actuator
actuator
actuator
Hard vs. Soft Real Time
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
= job release
= job deadline
static-priority dynamic-priority
scheduling scheduling
Example Real-Time Applications
23
Many real-time systems are control systems.
reference rk
A/D uk
input r(t) control-law
yk computation D/A
A/D
y(t) u(t)
The system
being controlled
Operating Systems
24
OS, etc.,
What OS does?
26
Facilitating networking.
Application Programs
System Programs
HARDWARE
Structure of Operating System
28
3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.
4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
Types of OS
30
simultaneous users.
Memory Hierarchy
Primary Memory
Cache Memory
Secondary Memory
Memory Classification
39
Protocol
It is a set of formal rules describing how to transfer data,
especially between two devices.
Interfacing – I/O
47
Protocol
Strobe Protocol
Master asserts req to receive data
Servant puts data on bus within time taccess
Master receives data and deasserts req
Servant ready for next request
Processing – Processor
48
Processing – Processor
49
Processing – Processor
50
Processing – Processor
51
Processor Classification
52
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Digital Signal Processor
Application Specific Integrated
Circuit(ASIC)
Field programmable gate arrays(FPGA)