DISSERTATION PHASE :1

:TITLE:

1D-2D Hydrodynamic Flood Modeling for Ambica River, India

Prepared By: Guided By

SUMIT B. PATEL PROF. D. J. MEHTA
(ENRL.NO:160230733011) (Asst. Prof., GEC, SURAT)

DR. S. M. YADAV
External Guide, Head, CED,
SVNIT, Surat.

Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat.

M.E. in Water Resource Engineering
SEM-III (CED)
27-11-2017 1
 Introduction
 Objective of Study
 Scope of the work
 Literature Review
 Study Area: Ambica River Reach near Gadat
 Data collection
 Methodology
 Plan of Work
 Reference

2
 INTRODUCTION
o According to the study of Hydrology, river is main natural source
of water in an open channel.

o Hydrodynamic models are an efficient, comprehensive approach

to representing coastal water dynamics.

o These numerical computational models can be used to simulate

currents, water levels, sediment transport and salinity.

3
………..
o Recently advancement in computer technology and research in
hydrodynamic model, various 1D-2D hydrodynamic models
have been developed for flood forecasting, detailed animation
and inundation mapping of flood.

o The present study of model developed to determine water

levels along the Ambica River. The model was calibrated and
verified for both steady and unsteady flow conditions. It
produces water levels and flood inundated area along the river.

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 FLOOD
o One of the most common hazards among all environmental
hazards is flooding which causes huge immediate damage and
long term loss on human activity, economic development of a
society as well as on the environment across the globe.

o The flood is a natural event that can be defined as any

relatively high water flow that overtops the natural or artificial
banks in any portion of a river or stream.

o A flood is caused by a combination of heavy rainfall causing

river or oceans to over flow their banks and Coastal areas are
also at risk from sea flooding. 5
Figure 1: Images of Flood 6
………..
 The following are the types of flood.
1. Flash Flooding
2. River Flooding
3. Coastal Flooding
4. Flooding due to Rising Ground Water
5. Flooding due to The Opening or Breaking of A Dam or
Reservoir

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 OBJECTIVE
o The objective of study is to simulate the flood inundation
extent and flood depth in the delta region of Ambica River
basin between Ichhapore and Dhamdachha village using
coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS 5.0.3.

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 SCOPE OF THE WORK
1. To collect past flood data and daily discharge data of Ambica
river.

2. To collect hydrological and survey data of river reach.

3. To determine adequacy of existing sections to carry floods of

various magnitude.

4. To carry out steady and unsteady flow analysis of the study

reach.

5. To categorize Ambica basin under three zones namely high

risk zone, moderate risk zone and low risk zone based on
flood analysis.
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6. To perform the unsteady flow analysis and prepare a flood
plain map of the study area to outline the flood prone areas by
using the 2D hydraulic modelling and mapping.

7. To calibrate the model for discharge hydrographs for specific

river reach based on past data.

8. To develop digital elevation model (D.E.M) using G.I.S

application, for developing floodplain model and flood
inundated area of Ambica basin.

9. To recommend measure to assure safe flood conveyance for

the study reach by increasing height of retaining wall or
proposing new pusta.

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 THEORY
 Floodplain Mapping
o A floodplain map indicate the area that can be expected to
flood, on average, once every 50years. This is called the 50-
year flood.

o Floodplain maps show the location of the normal channel of a

water course, surrounding features or developments, ground
elevation contours, flood levels and floodplain limits (the
elevation and horizontal extent of the high water marks of a 50
-year flood).

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 Flood Inundation Mapping

o Satellite remote sensing

provides synoptic view of the
flood-affected areas at frequent
intervals for assessing the
progression and recession of the
flood inundation in short span
of time which can be used for
planning and organizing the
relief operations effectively.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

2D Unsteady Flow Manahari Bhandari, World • Present study uses two

Routing and Flood Narayan Nyaupane, Environmental dimensional flow routing
Inundation Mapping Shekhar Raj Mote, and Water capabilities of HEC-RAS for
for Lower Region f Ajay Kalra, and Resources flood inundation mapping in
Brazos River Sajjad Ahmad Congress lower region of Brazo River
Watershed (2017) © ASCE reach length of 20 Km.
• Detailed terrain information
available from DEM was used
to generate 2D flow area and
geometrics.

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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

Flood Analysis Of Rahul Agrawal, International • They studied Flood Analysis

Dhudhana River In Regulwar D.G. Journal of of Dhudhana River in Upper
Upper Godavari (2016) Engineering Godavari Basin Using HEC-
Basin Using HEC- Research RAS (4.1.0).
RAS • They focus on calculation of
surface water elevations on
downstream side of upper
catchment of Dudhana River
for different amount of
discharges.
• The model can be
geo-referenced with Google
earth and flooding can be
highlighted on Google map.

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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

Simulation of HEC- Darshan Mehta, Journal of • 1-D Hydrodynamic model is

RAS model on Vipinkumar Yadav, Emerging used to evaluate geomorphic
Prediction of Flood Sahita Waikhom Technologies effectiveness of floods on
for Lower Tapi (2015) and Innovative lower Tapi river basin, Surat.
River Basin, Surat Research • The model is used to evaluate
steady flow analysis, flood
conveyance performance and
uniform flow analysis.
• They recommended based on
flood analysis either to
increase height of the
retaining wall or construct a
retaining wall at certain
sections along study reach.

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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

A 1D–2D Coupled Timbadiya P. V, Journal of • River flood risk prediction

Hydrodynamic Patel P. L., Hydrologic using a one dimensional–two
Model for River Porey P. D. Engineering dimensional (1D–2D) coupled
Flood Prediction in (2014) © ASCE hydrodynamic model of lower
a Coastal Urban Tapi River and its coastal
Floodplain urban floodplain (Surat city in
Gujarat, India).
• They observed coupled
hydrodynamic model is
validated with independent
data for flooding in the year
2006 and is used to develop a
stage-discharge curve along
the lower Tapi River for
computation of the stream
power during the flood.
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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

One dimensional Timbadiya Current • They studied the simulation of

hydrodynamic Prafulkumar V., Science floods for the years 2003 and
modelling of Patel Prem Lal, March 2014 2006 and the development of
flooding and stage Porey Prakash D. stage–discharge relationship
hydrographs in the (2014) along the lower Tapi River in
lower Tapi River in India.
India • The MIKE 11 hydrodynamic
model was calibrated for the
1998 flood.
• The rating curves were
developed which useful in
flood forecasting and flood
protection measures.

17
 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

Comparison Sina Alaghmand, International. • They evaluated the flood risk

between capabilities Rozi bin Abdullah Journal of . map prediction using MIKE11
of HEC–RAS and and Ismail Abustan Hydrology and HEC-RAS for river flood
MIKE11 hydraulic (2012) Science and visualization and river flood
models in river Technology risk mapping.
flood ris modelling • The results of this research
show that HEC-RAS has more
capabilities for river flood risk
mapping in comparison with
MIKE11.

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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

GIS and Remote Anupam K. Singh, Hydroinformat • Studied geospatial technologies

Sensing Based Arun K. Sharma ics in such as remote sensing, GIS,
Approach For urban (2009) Hydrology, and GPS have been utilised to
Flood-Plain Hydrogeology prepare urban flood hazard
Mapping for The and Water maps and to handle entity-
Tapi catchment, Resources specific query and analysis.
India • In this paper the research
methodology employed is based
on statistical probabilities of
flood frequency, maximum
discharge carrying capacity at
river cross-section, mapping of
inhabited areas based on high-
resolution images, and terrain
mapping using global position
system (GPS).
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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

A Two- Dushmanta Dutta, Hydrological • They observed Geographical

Dimensional Jahangir Alam, Processes Information System (GIS)
Hydrodynamic Kazuo Umeda, helping the researchers to
Model For Flood Masayoshi Hayashi, create a two-dimensional
Inundation Sadayuki Hironaka hydrodynamic model for
Simulation: A Case (2007) flood inundation simulation
Study In The for lower Mekong river
Lower Mekong basin.
River Basin • They observed that the
modelling system with a
one-dimensional (1-D) river
flow model and a two-
dimensional (2-D) surface
flow model has been used
for simulating flood
inundation.
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 Researcher and
Title Journal Abstract
Year

Unsteady Flow Gary W. Brunner, Water • studied the capabilities which

Routing with the Mark R. Jensen, and Resources were added to HEC-RAS for
Hydrologic Steven S. Piper © ASCE performed unsteady flow
Engineering Center (2004) computations.
River Analysis • The unsteady flow equation
System (HECRAS) solver used in HEC-RAS is
the UNET program.

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STUDY AREA

Figure 2: Ambica Basin

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….....
o The Ambica River is one of the important westward flowing river. It
originates from Saputara Hill near village Kotambi of Surgana taluka
in the Nasik district of Maharashtra, having a length of 136 km, and
falls into the Arabian Sea.

o The major tributaries namely Kapri, Wallan, Kaver and Kharera join
the Ambica River.

o The major floods in river Ambica, Devdha village and surrounding

regions are undergone with huge damage in the past due to excess
rainfall in basin area.

o The region of Ambica river mostly affected by flood and many big
hazardous situation are occurred so this area to be chosen for flood
analysis.

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……..
o Study of flood is very much needed because of in past many times
flood is occurred in this region. At the time of floods in Ambica
River, Devdha and surrounding regions are undergone with huge
damage.

o The river reach approximately 11km long with 359 cross section and
located between Ichhapore and Dhamdachha village was taken for
study purpose.

o Major flood event took place in the year 1981, 1984, 1994,
1997,2001, 2003, 20006 and 2013.

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Figure 3: Study Reach (Ambica River) 25
Figure 3 shows the study area from Ichhapore to Dhamdachha
village. Following details of study area:
• Total numbers of cross sections are 359(CS-1 to CS-359)
• Approximately river reach length is 11kms i.e. 11000 m.
• Red line indicates cross section in river reach area.
• Interval between cross section to cross-section is 30 m.
• Upstream: Ichhapore village & Downstream: Dhamdachha
village.

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 DATA COLLECTION
o Detailed cross sections and counter map of Ambica River,
showing bed and bank level at an average interval of 30 m in
form of Auto-CAD File, were collected from Navsari Drainage
Department.

o The total length of the modelled reach of Ambica River from

Ichhapur to Dhamdachha village is 11km. Accordingly, a total
of 359 cross sections were obtained, based on the available
topographic AutoCAD File. ambica cross section.xlsx

o Top R.L of left side bank and right side bank of study area are
collected from Navsari Drainage Department.

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……..
o Collected daily discharge flow at Gadat station is collected
from Central water Commission (CWC) at Ghandhinagar.
o Past Flood Peak Discharge Data were collected from Central
Water Commission Department as shown in Table.
Cusecs Cumec
Sr. No. Year
In Lakhs (m3/s)

1 1979 0.586 1660

2 1981 0.523 1480

3 1984 3.88 11000

4 1994 2.29 6500

5 1997 1.13 3200

6 2004 1.76 5000

7 2006 0.971 2750

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 METHODOLOGY

Part:1

INTRODUCTION TO HEC-RAS

US Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulic Engineering Center

River Analysis System

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Figure 4: Main Screen of HEC-RAS 30
 HISTORY
o Developed by the US Department of Defense, Army Corps of
Engineers in order to manage the rivers, harbors, and other public
works.

o HEC-RAS was first released in 1995 and since that time there have
been several version of HEC-RAS which 5.0.3 is the latest version
released in 2016.

o Software that allows you to perform one-dimensional steady and

unsteady flow river hydraulics calculations, sediment transport-
mobile bed modelling, and water temperature analysis.

o Recently added new capabilities to perform two dimensional flow

routing for flood inundation mapping.

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 Features Added To Recent Version Of
HEC-RAS (5.0.3)
o Culvert Inlet/Outlet control changes
o Lateral Structures Connected to 2D Flow Areas
o RAS Mapper - Flow and Volume Time Series Output
o RAS Mapper - Maxi Velocity Description
o RAS Mapper - Profile point moving and tick marks
o RAS Mapper - Legend
o RAS Mapper - Describe sloping/hybrid rendering modes

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 HEC-RAS PARAMETERS
Geometric Data

o The basic geometric data consists of establishing how the

various river reaches are connected (River System Schematic),
cross section data, Left and right bank station locations ,reach
lengths, energy loss coefficients (friction losses, contraction
and expansion losses) and stream junction information.

o The study reach is about 10762m long and has very mild
slope. Total 359 cross-sections at various important locations
on the river have been used.

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 Cross Sectional Data

o Boundary geometry for the analysis of flow in natural streams

is specified in terms of ground surface profiles (cross sections)
and the measured distances between them (reach lengths).

o Cross sections are requires at locations where changes occur in

discharge, slope, shape or roughness, at locations where levees
begin or end and at bridges or control structures such as weirs.

o Each cross section is identified by a Reach and River Station

label.

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Reach Length

o The reach length (distance between cross sections) should be

measured along the anticipated path of the center of mass of
the left and right over bank and the center of the channel (these
distances may be curved).

Steady Flow Data

o After preparing river reach and entering geometric data, flow
analysis is to be carried out.

o To perform steady flow water surface profile calculations enter

steady flow data. The simulation and flood effect is calculated
using steady analysis.

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……..
o For the steady flow analysis; five flood events i.e. 1984, 1994,
1997, 2004 and 2006 have been taken in study. For this
boundary conditions are to be entered. These boundary
conditions are upstream and downstream. The upstream
boundary condition and downstream boundary condition
should be known water surface elevation, critical depth,
Normal Depth, or Rating Curve.

 Flood Conveyance Performance

o For evaluation of flood performance, past flood data collected

from the CWC, Surat and also Navsari Drainage Department
were used.
o The summary of the study peak floods is given in the Table.
PAST FLOOD EVENT.docx
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 PART B

STEADY FLOW ANALYSIS

Step1. Project definition

o In this step, after entering main menu of HEC-RAS software,

from file menu select NEW to open new project. Define the
project name and the location where to save this model. Create
a new river and reach in the geometry editor window with
steady flow analysis.
o River Name: Ambica
o Reach Name: lower

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Figure 5: Main Screens of HEC-RAS

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Step2. Geometry data
o After defining project, the second step is to enter geometric
data. Click on the geometry data definition button. In this
window; by clicking on river reach button, the river reach can
be drawn in the Graphical User Interface of HEC-RAS shown
in Fig 6.

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Figure 6: Geometric data in HEC-RAS
o Once the reach is drawn, cross-sectional data are entered
through cross section editor of the software as shown in Figure
7.

Figure 7: Cross-sections in HEC-RAS

o For all the cross-sections details like station, elevation,
distance between two cross-sections, manning’s n value and
coefficient of expansion and contraction are entered. Repeat
the above process for all the cross-sections of the study reach.
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Step3. Steady flow data

o After preparing river reach and entering geometric data, flow

analysis is to be carried out.
o For this boundary conditions are to be entered. These
boundary conditions are upstream and downstream.
o The upstream boundary condition and downstream boundary
condition should be known water surface elevation, critical
depth, Normal Depth, or Rating Curve. Mainly the
downstream boundary condition known water surface
elevation is used for this work.
o First click on the edit menu and open the steady flow data
main window. After open the steady flow data window then
select the number of profiles and enter the value of discharge
flow as shown in fig 8.
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 42
Figure 8: Steady Flow Data Main Screen
o After that enter discharge value click on reach boundary
condition and then fix the boundary condition as shown in
fig.9.

Figure 9: Steady Flow Boundary Condition 43

• In a downstream boundary condition put the value of known
water surface elevation or normal depth in this work in a
downstream boundary condition enter the value of known
water surface elevation as shown in fig 10.

• After all the data are required for steady flow analysis such as
discharge flow and downstream boundary condition then click
on the apply data.
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 Step4. Steady flow analysis

o In a process of steady flow analysis when all the required data

are enter in HEC-RAS software then after click on a run menu
and open the steady flow analysis menu as shown in fig 11.
And then the next step is click on a compute to run the process
of steady flow analysis as shown in figure 12.

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Figure 11: Steady Flow Analysis Window
Figure 12: Steady Flow Computation Window
46
 Step5. Results
o The results of steady flow analysis for water surface profile,
discharge, velocity and some hydraulic parameters can be
viewed through “view; window of HEC-RAS and clicking on
“water surface profile” as shown in Fig 13 and profile
summary table values has been compare all the flood situation
in 1984, 1994, 1997, 2004 and 2006 as shown in fig 4.14.

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Figure 13: Water Surface Profiles
 48
Figure 14: Profile Output Table
 PLAN OF WORK
• To carry out one dimensional unsteady flow analysis of the
study reach.
• Ambica basin to categorize under three zones namely high risk
zone, moderate risk zone and low risk zone based on flood
analysis.
• To perform the unsteady flow analysis and prepare a flood
plain map of the study area to outline the flood prone areas by
using the 2D hydraulic modelling and mapping.
• Coupling the one dimensional and two dimensional
hydrodynamic model.
• To develop digital elevation model (D.E.M) using G.I.S
application, for developing floodplain model and flood
inundated area of Ambica basin.
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 REFERENCES
1. Anupam K. Singh & Arun K. Sharma 2009, “GIS and Remote
Sensing Based Approach For urban Flood-Plain Mapping for The
Tapi catchment, India”, Hydroinformatics in Hydrology,
Hydrogeology and Water Resources, PP. 389-394.

2. Darshan Mehta, Vipinkumar G Yadav, Sahita Waikhom 2015,

“Simulation of HEC-RAS model on Prediction of Flood for Lower
Tapi River Basin, Surat, Journal of Emerging Technologies and
Innovative Research, Vol. 2, Issue 11, PP. 105-112.

3. Dushmanta Dutta, Jahangir Alam, Kazuo Umeda, Masayoshi

Hayashi, Sadayuki Hironaka 2007, “A Two-Dimensional
Hydrodynamic Model For Flood Inundation Simulation: A Case
Study In The Lower Mekong River Basin”, Hydrological
Processes, PP. 1223-1237.
50
5. Gary W. Brunner, Mark R. Jensen, and Steven S. Piper 2004,
“Unsteady Flow Routing with the Hydrologic Engineering Center
River Analysis System (HECRAS)”, Water Resources 2000, ASCE
2004.

6. Manahari Bhandari, Narayan Nyaupane, Shekhar Raj Mote, Ajay

Kalra, and Sajjad Ahmad 2017, “ 2D Unsteady Flow Routing and
Flood Inundation Mapping for Lower Region f Brazos River
Watershed”, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress
© ASCE, PP. 292-303.

7. Rahul Agrawal, Regulwar D.G. 2016, “Flood Analysis Of

Dhudhana River In Upper Godavari Basin Using HEC-RAS”,
International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 5, PP. 188-191.

51
7. Timbadiya Prafulkumar V., Patel Prem Lal, Porey Prakash D.
2014, “One dimensional hydrodynamic modelling of flooding and
stage hydrographs in the lower Tapi River in India”, Current
Science, Vol. 106, no. 5, 10 March 2014.

8. Timbadiya P. V, Patel P. L., Porey P. D. 2014, “A 1D–2D Coupled

Hydrodynamic Model for River Flood Prediction in a Coastal
Urban Floodplain”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering © ASCE,
Vol. 20, Issue 2.

9. Sina Alaghmand, Rozi bin Abdullah and Ismail Abustan 2012,

“Comparison between capabilities of HEC–RAS and MIKE11
hydraulic models in river flood ris modelling (a case study of
Sungai Kayu Ara River basin, Malaysia)”, Int. J. Hydrology
Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2012.

52
WEB SITE
o http://www.google.com/
o http://www.ascelibrary.com/
o http://www.iwris.com/
o www.sciencedirect.com
o www.springerlink.com

BOOKS
o K Subramanian. (2006). “Flow in Open Channels” Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi, India.
o Chow V.T 1959, Open-Channel Hydraulics, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication, New Delhi.

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THANK YOU

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