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Human Health
Chapter 8
Section 14-1
Risk reduction
How much should it
Probability of risk be reduced?
How likely is the
event?
Risk reduction strategy
How will the risk be
reduced?
Stepped Art
Fig. 14-3, p. 351
Infectious diseases are still
major health threats
• Infectious diseases remain as serious health threats,
especially in less-developed countries.
• Spread through air, water, food, and body fluids.
• A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an
area is called an epidemic.
• A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS is
called a pandemic.
• Many disease-carrying bacteria have developed genetic
immunity to widely used antibiotics and many disease-
transmitting species of insects such as mosquitoes have
become immune to widely used pesticides that once
helped to control their populations.
Deaths per year by the 7
deadliest infectious diseases
Disease
(type of agent) Deaths per year
Diarrheal diseases
1.6 million
(bacteria and viruses)
Tuberculosis
1.3 million
(bacteria)
Measles
800,000
(virus)
Malaria
780,000
(protozoa)
Hepatitis B
600,000 Stepped Art
(virus)
Fig. 14-4, p. 351
Ways to prevent or reduce the
incidence of infectious diseases
Section 14-3
Mattress
Flame
Perfume retardants in
Phthalates stuffing
Hairspray Carpet
Phthalates Padding and carpet
fibers contain flame
retardants,
Food perfluorochemicals,
Some food and pesticides
contains
bisphenol A TV
Wiring and plastic
Milk casing contain flame
Fat contains retardants
dioxins and flame
retardants
Sofa
Foam padding
Frying pan contains flame
Nonstick coating contains retardants and
perfluorochemicals perfluorochemicals
Vegetation
Crops
Vegetation