PROSES EKTRAKSI

Au ( GOLD )

Salma Nurhidayah Rosa Dewi Fitriana

Henokh Vidhi S. Nadya Putri Yahya
Cinlyadevi Angelourenz Moh. Satrio Prambodo
Vito Valdano Bagaskara Wiraditya
Luckyta Rizkivany
 Au Gold ( Emas )
Definition :
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. Chemically, gold is a transition
metal and a group 11 element. Gold has name from the Latin ‘aurum’ which means shining down.
Properties of Gold: - The most malleable and ductile metal, Unaffected by air and most reagents, A
soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength, Good conductor of heat and electricity
APPLICATION OF Au
WORLD GOLD PRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Au Gold ( Emas )
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color,
soft, malleable, and ductile metal.

Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C

Founded in different form associated with different rock

type in different tectonic setting.

Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes

OCCURRENCE of GOLD
Au Gold ( Emas )
Many pyrite and pyrhotite minerals contain gold
from which the metal is recovered during the extraction
of copper, silver, lead, zinc and nickel.

Although in low concentrations, gold is also present in the sea

water, being conservatively estimated that the oceans contain
70 million tons of gold in solution.

The major world producers of gold are South Africa, Canada,

the United States and Australia.
 Gold Ore Types
Easy Processing
Main ore types (after Marsden)
placers
oxidized
free milling
silver rich
iron sulphide bearing
arsenic sulphide bearing
carbonaceous
copper bearing
antimony bearing
gold telluride bearing
Refractory
INTRODUCTION
Gold ore characterization Au
Mineralogical characterization
Technological tests
exploratory testwork
diagnostic leaching
optimization testwork
pilot plant

Gold Deposits
- Containing gold, sulphur deposits
- The epithermal deposits
- Ultramafic rock deposits
- Gold containing skarns
- Updated placer gold deposıts
- Including gold porphyria deposits
Flow
Sheet
of
Gold
Extraction
 Comminution
Gold ore characterization Au
Comminution is the initial process in reducing ore size which aims to:
- Liberate / liberate valuable minerals from impurities.
- Produce particle size and shape that fits the needs of the next process.
- Expanding the surface of the particles to accelerate contact with other
substances, for example flotation reagents.

In Comminution,
there are 2 process :
1. Grinding
2. Crushing
 Comminution
A. Crushing
Crushing is a size reduction process from ore that is directly
from the mine and is large (about 100 cm in diameter) to a size of 20-25
cm and can even be up to 2.5 cm in size.
The equipment used in the crushing process includes: Jaw
crusher, Gyratory crusher, Cone crusher, Roll crusher, Impact crusher,
Rotary breaker, Hammer mill
 Comminution
B. Grinding
Grinding is an advanced process of reducing the size of ore
measuring 2.5 cm to a finer size. In the grinding process, the grinding
media is needed.
Ball mill
Rod mill
Semi autogenous mill (SAG)
Autogenous mill
CONCENTRATION

The Concentration
Concentration process will be done when many native gold in the ore.
Native gold will not break by grinding / milling, it will be changed to
another shape, float on the slurry and go together to the tailing dam
before be leached perfectly.
There are many concentration method, the most method that often be
used: Jigging. This method work by the difference of density between
gold and impurities hence cost of production lower. The Advance of
gravity concentration is Knelson Concentrator
CONCENTRATION
Gold Jigging
The Gold Jig or Mineral Jigs are important of all types of
alluvial gold concentrating device among all gravity separation
methods; they are also the most complex and the practice of
jigging in mineral processing is often viewed as an art rather
than a science. Gold jigging has been referred to as
being probably the most complex gravity operation because of
its continuously varying hydrodynamics. The mineral bed is
repeatedly moved up by the water, expands, and then re-
settles, the resettlement occurring with the water flowing down
at a lower rate (because of the addition of hutch water) than
that which occurred on the upstroke. It follows that the
waveform itself must be a significant parameter. The manner in
which the bed expands is also important because of its marked
effect on the particle dynamics.
VIDEO KNELSON CONCENTRATOR
 LEACHING PROCESS
Leaching of pulverized gold
- The gold cyanidation process has become the universal gold-
extraction practice since J. S. MacArthur and the brothers R. and W.
Forrest patented it in 1889. The optimum concentration of the
cyanide solution depends on the characteristics of the ore and
should be determined experimentally. The levels of cyanide
commonly used are 0.05-0.20% NaCN (1-4 lb. NaCN per ton).
Cyanide is added in the grinding mill and in the first leaching tanks.
Lime has to be added to the solution to keep its pH between 10.5
and 11.5. A large excess of lime has been found to increase the
cyanide consumption.
- Low concentrations of cyanide for gold leaching are strongly
recommended. They offer economic (lower cost) and technical (less
impurity dissolution) advantages. Minimum cyanide strength can be
assured by employing a continuous cyanide analyzer
LEACHING PROCESS
Leaching of low-grade ores
- A dilute cyanide solution is an efficient solvent of gold. However,
as in any other leaching process, the solvent has to come in
contact with the solid gold particle. Hence, extensive crushing
and meticulous two-stage, closed-circuit grinding are needed to
liberate the gold particles in the ore. Multistage agitation
leaching followed by elaborate solids-liquid separation is
required to recover most of the gold (up to approximately 95%)
in solution, in a reasonably short time.
- The concept is simple. Crushed ore is stacked on an impervious
pad and sprinkled with cyanide solution to dissolve gold and
silver. For the heap leaching to be successful, the gold-bearing
ore must be porous and contain fine-sized clean gold particles.
The ore, after having been crushed and stacked, must have good
permeability, allowing uniform distribution of the solution through
the heap, with affordable consumption of cyanide.
 LEACHING PROCESS
Leaching of low-grade ores
- Specific characteristics required for an ore to be amenable to heap
leaching include the following (Dorey et aI., 1988):
- • Content of extremely small or flattened gold particles
- • Porous and permeable host rock
- • Absence of refractory, carbonaceous, or preg-robbing materials
(which handicap the gold leaching)
- • Absence of cyanicides (materials consuming cyanide)
- • Absence of fines and/or clays that impede uniform cyanide solution
percolation (agglomeration is required with excessive fines and clays)
- • Absence of acid-forming constituents (which cause high consumption
of cyanide or lime)
Heap Leaching and Dump Leaching
Heap Leaching
Heap leaching means leaching ores that have been mined,
crushed, and transported on impervious pads for leaching
by sprinkling or ponding, and percolation of the solution
through the stack of the ore.

Dump Leaching
Dump leaching means leaching dumps or accumulations of very low-
grade ore or overburden, often without the use of prepared pads
under them.
Heap-Leaching Methods
Heap Leaching
- The reusable-pad method
- The expanding-pad method
- The valley-leach method
Heap-Leaching Methods

The reusable-pad
method
Heap-Leaching Methods

The expanding-pad
method
Heap-Leaching Methods

the valley-leach
method
ROUTE 1 AFTER LEACHING
ADSORPTION, ELUTION, ELECTROWINNING
 ADSORPTION

Carbon in Pulp
- The process known as carbon in pulp, or charcoal in pulp or CIP controls the gold precipitation from the cyanide solution by use
of activated charcoal (carbon). Activated carbon can be manufactured from wood, nuts shells, coal, petroleum coke and a
variety of organic products. Coconut shell carbon is preferred because of its commendable durability and high adsorption
capability for gold and silver cyanide .
- The technique involves contacting the leached pulp with granular carbon (about -8 to +20 mesh) in a series of gently agitating
tanks with a sufficient retention time . The carbon is recycled through the circuit to build up the loading to 8-10 per cent by
weight. The loaded charcoal is then separated from the pulp on a suitable vibrating screen, coarse enough to retain the carbon,
but fine enough to allow the pulp to pass through. The carbon is next sent to the stripping column for desorption and
regeneration. The technique is used on low grade gold and silver ores.
- As it moves up the train, the carbon loads to higher and higher concentrations of gold, as it comes in contact with higher grade
solutions. Typically concentrations as high as 4000 to 8000 grams of gold per tonne of carbon (g/t Au) can be achieved on the
final loaded carbon, as it comes in contact with freshly leached ore and pregnant leach solution (PLS).
 ADSORPTION

Carbon in Pulp
- Hydrometallurgical processing can be effectively used for the treatment of gold-bearing raw materials. Cyanidation is currently
the main choice for the extraction of gold from ores. However, the toxicity of cyanide and the failure of this complexant to
extract gold from the so-called difficult to treat raw materials (e.g. carbonaceous and copper-gold ores) led to the investigation
of alternatives for gold extraction from various resources.
- Chloride, thiosulfate, sulphide, ammonia and sulfite have been identified as low cost alternatives, the first two being more
beneficial in terms of health and safety issues and low environmental impact. Among the above complexing agents, thiosulfate is
of considerable interest, because it can be used for leaching of gold from carbonaceous gold ores as gold-thiosulfate complex
which is not preg-robbed by the carbonaceous component of the ores [1,2]. The gold leaching reaction with thiosulfate can be
described, in its simplified form, by the following reaction:
 ADSORPTION
Carbon in Pulp
- To accelerate this reaction, catalytically, ammonium hydroxide and copper (II) are commonly added :

- The formation of cuprous thiosulfate complex in the above reaction consumes the thiosulfate and retards the gold leaching. Thus,
the cuprous complex should be oxidized back to cupric ammine complex as much as possible:

- Combining Eqs. (2) and (3) results in the overall gold dissolution reaction in thiosulfate solution (Eq.(1)).
- Once gold is dissolved, the recovery of gold from the pregnant thiosulfate solutions can be carried out by different procedures
e.g. adsorption, solvent extraction, etc
 FACTOR THAT CAN CHANGE THE
ADSORPTION GOLD CONCENTRATION
- Effect of Ammonium Hydroxide
- Effect of Ph
- Effect of Temperature
- Effect of thiosulfate and different anions
- Effect of gold concentration
 GOLD ELUTION
ELUTION
- Elution process is divorce of complex Au(CN)2- from activated carbon. There are many standard than can be used, depend on
mineral and adsorban. Common elution method is AARL (Anglo American Research Laboratory) This elution standard is divided
to 6 stage :
- 1. Acid Wash
- The aim of acid wash is solute of carbonate (CO32-), usually in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) form. HCl 3% is used at this stage
and the reaction is :
- CaCO3 + 2HCl =CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
- Beside this acid, we also can used the other acid for example: HNO3. because this acid more oxidative than HCl, so we must
control well in order that the carbon (CO) is not oxidized to CO2.
- 2. Water Wash
- This stage only for Carbon cleaning from HCl.
- 3. Pretreatment /Presoak
- Absolutely, pretreatment/presoak is the first process for divorcing Au and Ag from activated carbon (C-Au(CN)2-). NaOH 3%
and NaCN 3% are used in this process at 80-90 C.
- 4. Recycle Elution
- after C-Au(CN)2- is divorced, water recycle is flowed at 100-120oC and pressure 300-400 Kpa. Water from elution column is
Pregnant Solution and ready to next process (Electrowinning)
 GOLD ECTROWINNING
ELECTROWINNING
- EW involves the exchange of electrons between a solid electrode and ions or molecules dissolved in solution. The rate of
the reactions involved depends on the electrode potential, the electrode area and the rate of mass transport of the
electroactive species to the electrode surface of interest.
- Although copper will co-deposit with gold during the electrowinning process, relatively, high-grade gold can still be
produced by controlling the potential of the cathode. While the presence of copper will lead to a decrease in the current
efficiency for gold recovery, the rate at which gold is recovered should remain unaffected if a constant potential is
applied. During the EW of gold from an alkali cyanide electrolyte, the following reactions occur at the cathode and
anode:
- Cathode:
- a) Au(CN)2- + e- = Au + 2 CN- b) 2 H2O + 2 e- = H2 + 2 OH- c) O2 + 2 H2O + 4e- = 4OH-
- Anode:
- d) 2 H2O = O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-
 GOLD ECTROWINNING
ELECTROWINNING
- Oxygen solubility in a hot eluate (electrolyte) is very low. Consequently, cathodic reaction (should) should not consume
very much current. However, if the eluate linear flow rate is too high, oxygen generated at the anode may be carried into
the cathode.
- Under conditions when gold EW from alkali cyanide electrolytes is mass transport controlled (that is, when the cathode
potential is sufficiently negative), cathodic reaction (b) also occurs and hydrogen is evolved. It can be seen that both
reactions (b) and (c) can generate hydroxide ion resulting in a localized increase in electrolyte pH at the cathode.
- Gold deposition, reaction (a), is electrochemically controlled to a cathode potential of approximately –1.0V. At more
negative cathode potential, the rate of gold reduction is typically mass transport controlled. Experience indicates that
hydrogen evolution and gold reduction occur together until the limiting current is reached and the rate of gold deposition
becomes mass transport controlled. Above the limiting current, the predominant reaction at the cathode is the evolution of
hydrogen. When electrical energy is passed through a solution containing a metal salt, deposition of metal at an
electrode will occur. The mass of metal deposited is dependent on the quantity of electrical energy passed through the
solution. The quantity of electrical energy applied is measured in coulombs.
ROUTE 2 AFTER LEACHING
DECANTATION, PRECIPITATION, FILTERING
 Counter Current Decantation
Counter Current Decantation
- The recovery of dissolved gold from slime pulp in the cyanide process was first accomplished by intermittent decantation.
This simple process consists in mixing with the pulp containing the values in solution, a solution of lower gold content,
settling the mixture in a tank and decanting the clear supernatant fluid. The thick pulp remaining in the tank is pumped to
a second tank together with more barren-solution and again settled and decanted. After several repetitions of this
operation, values are so far reduced that further washing is not profitable. The gold recovery of this process is high, but
the plant required is bulky, labor cost is high and the amount of solution to be precipitated is excessive.
- This flow sheet assumes that crushing is done in solution, the overflow from the tank T2 being used for the crushing solution.
This crushing solution leaves the grinding circuit with the ground pulp and enters T1, and that part which does not pass to
the agitators with the pulp overflows T1 and goes to precipitation. After depositing its gold contents, it is used to dilute
the underflow of T3 as it enters T4. The overflow of T5 is also mixed into the feed to T4. The overflow of T4 mixes with
the underflow of T2 to form the feed to T3, and so forth, as indicated in the flow sheet. At each succeeding mixture the
solution meets a pulp of higher dissolved content than itself and is enriched while the pulp is correspondingly
impoverished. The pulp at each step approaches the discharge end of the mill while the solution goes to the feed end—
hence countercurrent decantation.
 Counter Current Decantation
Variables Affecting Decantation Process

- The principal variables that may affect the efficiency of the process are:
- Grade of ore.
- Ratio of solution precipitated to ore treated.
- Thickness at which pulp can be discharged.
- Cost of chemicals.
- Rapidity of dissolving, and the place in the circuit where it takes place.
- Efficiency of precipitation.
 PRECIPITATION
Precipitation and Cementation
- Precipitation can be done for clarified pregnant solution. Before precipitation, solid-liquid separation is done at thickener.
Usually, we use CCD Thickener (Counter Current Decantation).
- Precipitation can be done by many method:
- 1. Gas precipitation
- 2. Ion exchange precipitation
- 3. Cementation
- Cementation is the most popular method. In the cementation method, metal powder is used to reduction of achieve metal.
Commonly, Zn powder is used for gold cementation. Metal with lower potential reduction can be used in cementation
process:
- Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ag, Pt, Au.
- For example : if we want to get Au and Ag, we must add Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn etc. Al can not be used for cyanide complex
Au(CN)2- because Al oxide is protective hence reduction reaction finished. The reaction of gold cementation by Zn is :
- Au+ + Ag+ + Zn = Au + Ag + Zn2+
- The product of cementation is cake and ready to smelting process.
- Cementation is a hetergeneous redox system in which aurocyanide and cyanide ions have to transfer to the zinc
surface; the reactants have to be adsorbed on the zinc surface; the reduction reaction takes place at the zinc
surface; the products of the reaction are desorbed; and the products of the reaction are transported to the bulk of
the solution. The rate of any and all of the preceding steps is proportional to the available zinc surface, as
the introduction of zinc dust instead of zinc shavings has proven in practice.
 FILTERING
Filtering introduces
- A zinc feeder introduces zinc dust as the solution flows to the precipitation filters.
Pressure candle filters are used for the filtration of zinc-gold slime. A precoat of
diatomaceous earth is applied, as in the clarification filters, followed by a
secondary coating of zinc dust. The pregnant solution has to percolate through the
layer of fine zinc particles, which create a very extensive surface for the solid-
liquid precipitation reaction.
 CAKE
Cake introduces
Electrowinning is an electrochemical process that is the process of deposition of metals on
the cathode pole uses an electric current that flows in an electrolyte solution (the result of
dissolution), the results obtained at the cathode pole are gold and silver metal mud
which is called cake which can be smelted immediately (smelting).

Sementation is most often done in the process of precipitation. Metals that are often used in the cementation process are
zinc (Zn) in powder form. Besides zinc, any metal can actually be used as long as it is easier to oxidize (the reduction
potential is smaller) than the metal you want to precipitate. Usually used is a voltaic series:
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ag, Pt, Au.
Metals on the left of Au and Ag can be used to precipitate Au and Ag. Aluminum (Al) cannot be used in cementation for
cyanide solutions because Aluminum Oxide which is formed is protective. So that aluminum oxide is formed, the reaction
stops. Reactions that occur in cementation using Zinc powder (Zn):

The resulting cake is pressed (usually using a press filter) and the dried cake is ready to be melted.
 SMELTING
Smelting introduces
Melting for cake requires a minimum temperature of 1200oC with the addition of a reagent in the form
of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). The addition of borax aims to bind the slag (slag) so it is runny so it is
easy to do tapping and to reduce the melting point of the cake. The results of this smelting process are
Bullion (a combination of Gold and Silver).

- Gold Smelting
Gold is a purified by means of a smelting process, which utilizes pressure, high heat and chemicals to accomplish the task. Like any metal that appears
naturally in the earth, there are impurities that must be removed. Removing minerals and other impurities allows gold to be used in its purest form, which is
necessary in many applications, particularly in jewelry and electronics. Gold is often used for electronic applications because it does not reflect or rust over
time.
- Ore Processing
The first step in the gold smelting process is gold containing mined from the earth. At this point, the crude binding matter and the gold metal need to be
separated. This is accomplished by pulverizing or crushing the gold ore, and then placing it in a furnace. The furnace must reach temperatures in excess of
1064 degrees Celsius, in order to elevate the gold above its melting point.
- Removing Impurities
While many impurities are burned off in the furnace, other remain metals. Gold ore extracted from mines contains a significant amount of impurities,
including traces of other metals. In order to separate the gold from other metals, chemicals such as cyanide solution or mercury are introduced to the gold.
This process causes the gold to coagulate, and form nuggets and clumps of gold.
- Use of Purified Gold
After the gold smelting process is complete, the gold is melted once more, and poured into molds to form ingots. Later, the gold ingots may be used for
various purposes fulfilled best by this precious metal. Some of this gold is used for jewelry or electronics contacts and may later be recycled for other uses. In
the event that gold from jewelry or electronics is to be recycled, the scrap gold must go through another smelting process in order to be considered pure
once more.
BULIION
How Gold Bullion is Made
By whatever process gold may have been extracted from its ores, it is necessary
to melt the crude bullion and cast it into bars so that its value may be
ascertained, and that it may be put into a form convenient for transportation
and sale. The name “ bullion ” may be conveniently restricted to the precious
metals, refined or unrefined, in bars, ingots, or any other uncoined condition,
whether contaminated by admixture with base metals or not. It is, however, often
applied to coin, and the appellation “ base-bullion ” is given to the pig-lead or
to copper bottoms or pig-copper, which have been obtained in smelting
operations, or as the result of melting worn-out amalgamated copper plates.
Such materials may only contain a few parts per thousand of gold and silver, the
main portion consisting of base metals. The treatment of base-bullion, however,
properly belongs to metallurgy of argentiferous lead and copper, and the
descriptions given in this chapter apply to bullion which is valuable almost
entirely on account of the gold and silver contained in it.
 BULIION
The operation Gold Bullion is Made
The operations to which the retorted metal, gold precipitate or bars from the
chlorination mills, are subjected may be summarised as follows:
1. The bullion is melted in crucibles (a rough refining operation being usually
effected at the same time) and cast in ingot-moulds.
2. Assay-pieces are cut from the cast ingots or dipped from the molten metal
before pouring, and assays are made on these, by which the value and
composition of the bars are ascertained.
3. The bars are then usually sold to the refineries, where the base metals are
eliminated and the gold and silver separated by “parting,” and cast into bars
separately. Both before and after the parting it is sometimes necessary to
subject the bullion to further refining operations. The bars of gold and silver thus
obtained, being of a high degree of purity, are in a condition to be used for
minting, or for the various industrial purposes to which they are applied.
Rough unrefined gold is frequently sold to the refineries attached to the
American and Australian mints, in the state of retorted metal, &c., without being
previously melted and assayed, the producing mills relying on the good faith of
the officials at these establishments.
 REFINING
Refining Process of Gold Extraction
Gold extracted by amalgamation or cyanidation contains a variety of impurities,
including zinc, copper, silver, and iron. Two methods are commonly employed for
purification:
1. Miller Process
2. Wohlwill process.
REFINING OF GOLD
MILLER PROCESS
- The Miller process is based on the fact that virtually all the impurities present
in gold combine with gaseous chlorine more readily than gold does at
temperatures equal to or greater than the melting point of gold. The impure
gold is therefore melted and gaseous chlorine is blown into the resulting
liquid. The impurities form chloride compounds that separate into a layer on
the surface of the molten gold.
- The Miller process is rapid and simple, but it produces gold of only about
99.5 percent purity.
 REFINING OF GOLD
WOHLWILL PROCESS
- The Wohlwill Process increases purity to about 99.99
percent by electrolysis. In this process, a casting of impure
gold is lowered into an electrolyte solution of hydrochloric
acid and gold chloride. Under the influence of anelectric
current, the casting functions as a positively charged
electrode, or anode. The anode dissolves, and the impurities
either pass into solution or report to the bottom of the
electrorefining tank as an insoluble slime. The gold migrates
under the influence of the electric field to a negatively
charged electrode called the cathode, where it is restored
to a highly pure metallic state.

- Although the Wohlwill process produces gold of high purity, it requires the
producer to keep on hand a substantial inventory of gold (mainly for the
electrolyte), and this is very costly. Processes based on direct chemical
purification and recovery from solution as elemental gold can greatly speed
gold processing and virtually eliminate expensive in-process inventories.
 REFINING OF GOLD

REFINING FROM SCRAP

- The processing of gold scrap varies not only with the gold content but also with the amenability of the gold in the
scrap to extraction. Thus, the bulk of the gold may be recovered by leaching techniques using cyanidation or aqueous
chlorination, and the residue may then be treated by smelting to recover the balance. Generally, scrap with a gold
content of less than 0.1 percent, unless readily recoverable by leaching, is recycled back to a pyrometallurgical
process. Metallic scrap gold from jewelry production is frequently melted on-site and reused.
PURE GOLD
TERIMAKASIH