Cellular Respiration

How Cells Harvest

Chemical Energy – Cellular
Respiration
 Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 602  6CO2 + 6H20

• A catabolic pathway
• Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic
compounds.

• Involves three stages:

• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
What Is ATP?
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Energy used by all Cells
• Organic molecule containing
high-energy Phosphate bonds
Chemical Structure of ATP
What Does ATP Do for You?

 It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
 By breaking the
high- energy
bonds between
the last two
phosphates in
ATP
NADH and FADH2
 NAD+ traps electrons
from glucose to make
NADH (energy stored)

 Similarly, FAD+ stores

energy as FADH2
Where Does Cellular Respiration
Take Place?

 It
actually takes place in two
parts of the cell:
• Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
• Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in
the Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
 Smooth outer
Membrane
 Folded inner
membrane
 Folds called
Cristae
 Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
Glycolysis
1. Means “breakdown of sugar”
2. Occurs in the cytosol of the cell
3. Partially oxidizes glucose (6C)
into two pyruvate (3C) molecules.
4. Occurs whether or not oxygen is
present.
5. An exergonic process, (meaning energy is released)
most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-
energy electrons of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of
ATP
Steps in Glycolysis
 1. Addition of phosphate *(PO4) to
glucose = glucose phosphate
 In the process of phosphorylation

ATP

ADP + *PO4
Steps in Glycolysis
 2. The glucose phosphate
quickly changes to
fructose phosphate (C6)
Steps in Glycolysis
 3. Fructose phosphate is phosphorylated by
breaking down another ATP into ADP and
PO4. This PO4 is added to fructose phosphate =
fructose diphosphate

ATP

ADP + *PO4
Howmany ATPs are
made so far?
 4. Fructose diphosphate
splits into two C3
molecules of PGAL
P P
 5. The PGAL is now oxidized by the
removal of two electrons and two H+
ions to form 2 PGA
(phosphoglyceric acid)
 * two lost electrons taken by NAD go
to the electron transport system
 =2 NADH2 made
 2 PGAs get broken down through a
series of high energy releasing reactions
to two C3 molecules of pyruvic acid

4ADP
4 ATP

4 PO4
Glycolysis Summary
• Takes place in the Cytoplasm
• Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
• Requires input of 2 ATP
• Glucose split into two molecules of
Pyruvate
• Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
 Formation of Acetyl CoA
 In the presence of O2 pyruvic acid is first
converted to acetic acid and then to acetyl –CoA
Acetic Acetyl - CoA
Pyruvic acid acid
Coenzyme A

CO2
Waste product
*2 NADH2 produced
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Steps in Krebs Cycle
1. Acetyl-CoA reacts with
a C4 molecule
oxaloacetic acid to form
citric acid
2. Citric acid is converted
to alpha-ketoglutaric
acid
 CO2 is released
 NADH2 made
 3.
the alpha-ketoglutaric acid
gets broken down into
succinic acid
 ATP or equivalent is made
(GTP) guanosine
triphosphate
 CO2 is released
2 NADH2 made
 4. succinic acid gets changed to
another C4 molecules malic
acid
 Malic acid loses 2 H to
FAD(flavin adenine
dinucleotide)
Malic
acid made to
oxaloacetic acid
Krebs Cycle
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 Cyclical series of oxidation reactions
that give off CO2 and produce one ATP
per cycle
 Turns twice per glucose molecule

 Produces two ATP

 Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

Krebs Cycle Summary
 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also
produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, 1
ATP(GTP) and 2CO2
 Therefore, For each Glucose
molecule, the Krebs Cycle
produces 6NADH, 2FADH2,
4CO2, and 2ATP
Electron Transport Chain
1. Located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from
NADH and FADH2 down the electron
transport chain to a lower energy state
3. Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of
the ATP in the body.
Electron Transport Chain
4. Requires oxygen, the final electron
acceptor.
5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are
produced.
6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are
produced.
7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP
using the energy of H+ gradients across
membranes to phosphorylate ADP.
ATP Synthase
 A protein in the inner membrane in
the mitochondria.
 Uses energy of the ion gradient to
power ATP synthesis.
 For every H+ ion that flows through
ATP synthase, one ATP can be formed
from ADP
Cellular Respiration in Summary

Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH  4-6 ATP (Depends on how this NADH
molecule gets to the ETC. To make things simple we
will say that these two NADH’s make 4 ATP )

Formation of Acetyl CoA

• 2 NADH  6 ATP
Cellular Respiration in Summary

Krebs Cycle
• 2 ATP
• 6 NADH  18 ATP
• 2 FADH2  4 ATP

Grand Total = 36 ATP

Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
 Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle
cells (makes muscles tired)
 Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
(produces ethanol)
 Nets only 2 ATP