Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Paraxial ray
Paraxial focus
Paraxial ray
The paraxial focus is where the paraxial ray crosses the optical axis
after refraction by the lens.
Positive spherical aberration…
Paraxial ray
When an off-axis ray is refracted by the lens and crosses the axis in
FRONT of the paraxial focal point, the ray exhibits POSITIVE
spherical aberration.
Negative spherical aberration…
Paraxial ray
When an off-axis ray is refracted by the lens and crosses the axis in
BACK of the paraxial focal point, the ray exhibits NEGATIVE spherical
aberration.
Combinations of Thin Lenses
• Polarization of light by
selective absorption is
analogous to that
shown in the diagrams.
Polaroid
• Polaroid is made from long chain molecules oriented
with their axis perpendicular to the polarizing axis;
these molecules preferentially absorb light that is
polarized along their length.
Polarizing axis
Explanation of Polarization
2
Ex Ey
2
E Ey
2 x
cos sin 2
E 0x E 0y E 0x E 0y
31
Elliptical polarization
Circular polarization
E x (z, t ) E 0x cos( kz - t) î
E y (z, t ) E 0y cos(kz - t ) ĵ
cos2 sin 2 1
E
E 0x 0y
Polarization
Circular polarization
Circular polarization
A left-handed/clockwise circularly polarized wave as defined
from the point of view of the source. It would be considered
right-handed if defined from the point of view of the
receiver.
A Right-handed/counter-clockwise circularly polarized wave as
defined from the point of view of the source. It would be
considered left-handed if defined from the point of view of the
receiver.
Elliptical polarization