SCHIZOTYPAL

AND
ANTISOCIAL
PERSONALITY
DISORDER
 INTRODUCTION
 Characterized by someone who has great difficulty in
establishing and maintaining close relationships with
others.

 A person with schizotypal personality disorder may

have extreme discomfort with such relationships, and
therefore have less of a capacity for them.

 Someone with this disorder usually has cognitive or

perceptual distortions as well as eccentricities in their
everyday behavior.
 These problems may lead to severe anxiety and a
tendency to turn inward in social situations, as the
person with schizotypal personality disorder
responds inappropriately to social cues and holds
peculiar beliefs.

 Schizotypal personality disorder typically is

diagnosed in early adulthood and is likely to endure,
though treatment, such as medications and therapy,
can improve symptoms.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Being a loner and lacking close friends outside of the immediate family
 Incorrect interpretation of events, such as a feeling that something which
is actually harmless or inoffensive has a direct personal meaning
 Peculiar, eccentric or unusual thinking, beliefs or mannerisms
 Dressing in peculiar ways, such as appearing unkempt or wearing oddly
matched clothes
 Belief in special powers, such as mental telepathy or superstitions
 Unusual perceptions, such as sensing an absent person's presence or
having illusions
 Persistent and excessive social anxiety
 Peculiar style of speech, such as vague or unusual patterns of speaking,
or rambling oddly during conversations
 Suspicious or paranoid thoughts and constant doubts about the loyalty of
others
 Flat emotions or limited or inappropriate emotional responses
RISK FACTORS

 Schizophrenia

 schizotypal personality disorder

 another personality disorder

 CAUSES
 biopsychosocial model of causation -- the causes are
likely due to biological and genetic factors, social
factors (such as how a person interacts in their early
development with their family and friends and other
children).

 psychological factors -- the individual’s personality

and temperament, shaped by their environment and
learned coping skills to deal with stress.
 COMPLICATIONS
 Depression  Temporary psychotic

 Anxiety episodes, usually in

 Work, school,
response to stress
relationship and social  Schizophrenia
problems
 Other personality
disorders
 Problems with alcohol or
drugs
 Suicide attempts
MEDICATIONS

 Giving of medications just like antipsychotic

drugs and antidepressant drugs.
 TREATMENT
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy— identifying and
changing distorted thought patterns, learning
specific social skills, and modifying problem
behaviors.

 Supportive therapy — offering encouragement and

fostering adaptive skills.

 Family therapy — involving family members,

which may help reduce fighting or emotional
distance and improve trust in the home.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Probable cause: Defining characteristics:
 Situational or  Eccentric behaviors
maturational crises  Anxiety
 Lack of a support  Rigid adherence to
system known routines
 Unmet needs or  Inability to make
expectations decisions
 Dysfunctional family of
origin
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
 Help clients identify problems and areas of concern.

 Encourage clients to identify problems without

labeling him know someone else is bad.

 Ask the client to discuss all the unmet needs and

help clients to decide which is most important.

 Help clients identify behaviors that are useful to

address the problem situation, eg to refrain from
labeling others or ourselves a bad one.
 Teach the client and give the opportunity to practice
the skills issue resolution, social skills and
communication.

 Individualized therapy:
a) Work to build relationships with clients.
b)Establish a trusting relationship
c)Encourage clients to learn and practice decision-
making
d)Provide support and strive to maintain the client run
the function comfortably.
 INTRODUCTIONS

 Is a disorder that is characterized by a long-

standing pattern of disregard for other people’s
rights, often crossing the line and violating those
rights.
 Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called
sociopathy.
 Antisocial personality disorder is a particularly
challenging type of personality disorder
characterized by impulsive, irresponsible and
often criminal behavior.

 Antisocial personality disorder is a mental

condition in which a person has a long-term
pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating
the rights of others. This behavior is often
criminal.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Disregard for right and  Arrogance, a sense of
wrong superiority and being
 Persistent lying or deceit extremely opinionated
to exploit others  Recurring problems with
 Being callous, cynical and the law, including criminal
disrespectful of others behavior
 Repeatedly violating the

 Using charm or wit to

rights of others through
manipulate others for intimidation and
personal gain or personal dishonesty
pleasure  Impulsiveness or failure to
plan ahead
 Hostility, significant  Poor or abusive
irritability, agitation, relationships
aggression or violence  Failure to consider the
 Lack of empathy for negative consequences
others and lack of of behavior or learn
remorse about harming from them
others  Being consistently
 Unnecessary risk-taking irresponsible and
or dangerous behavior repeatedly failing to
with no regard for the fulfill work or financial
safety of self or others obligations
CAUSES

 Genes may make you vulnerable to developing

antisocial personality disorder — and life
situations may trigger its development.

 Changes in the way the brain functions may have

resulted during brain development.
RISK FACTORS
 Diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder
 Family history of antisocial personality disorder
or other personality disorders or mental illness
 Being subjected to abuse or neglect during
childhood
 Unstable, violent or chaotic family life during
childhood
 COMPLICATIONS
 Spouse abuse or child  Having other mental
abuse or neglect health disorders such as
 Alcohol or substance depression or anxiety
abuse  Low social and
 Being in jail or prison economic status, and
homelessness
 Gang participation
 Homicidal or suicidal
behaviors  Premature death, usually
as a result of violence
 MEDICATIONS
 The best-documented medication is lithium
carbonate, which has been found to reduce anger,
threatening behavior and combativeness among
prisoners. More recently, the drug was shown to
reduce behaviors such as bullying, fighting and
temper outbursts in aggressive children.

 Phenytoin (Dilantin), an anticonvulsant, has also

been shown to reduce impulsive aggression in prison
settings.
 TREATMENT
 Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is
sometimes used to treat antisocial personality
disorder. Therapy may include, for example, anger
and violence management, treatment for substance
abuse, and treatment for other mental health
conditions.
 But psychotherapy is not always effective,
especially if symptoms are severe and the person
can't admit that he or she contributes to serious
problems.
 Cognitive therapy
NURSING MANAGEMENT

 Work with the client to increase coping skills and

identify need for improvement coping.
 Respond to the client’s specific symptoms and
needs.
 Keep communication clear and consistent.

 Client may require physical restraints,

seclusion/observation room, one to one
supervision.
 Keep the client involved in treatment planning.

 Avoid becoming victim to the client’s

involvement in appropriate self-help groups.
 Require the client take responsibility for his/her
own behavior and the consequences for actions.

 Discuss with the client and family the possible

environment and situational causes, contributing
factors, and triggers.
REFERENCES