MARY YOLE APPLE DECLARO-RUEDAS

Sex and Gender?

 Game of Word Association on Sex and Gender

Give me a word you associate with WOMEN or MEN. The

word can be an adjective, a role, a trait or an activity.

For Example
Women Men

Emotional Strong
Nurse Muscular
Pregnancy Father
Mother Macho
Delicate Sperm Donor
 WOMEN MEN
Childbearing Alert
Breastfeeding Muscular
Mother Father
Teacher Breadwinner
Cook Strong
Weak Domineering
Emotional Macho
Passive Active
Delicate Provider
SEX refers to the

TWO CATEGORIES OF ANIMALS –

Male and Female – needed for

the act of mating to result in

biological reproduction.
 Sex: in the Realm of the Biological

SEX is a biological term;

it is often referred to as the act of mating
between two organisms

(an act which is part of the process

of biological reproduction).

A more technical term for this act is coitus.

 Photos from google.com

There's a much quoted article in the US trade publication Earnshaw’s Infants’

Department from 1918 that said “pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is
more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier
for the girl.”

Traditional French culture paired pink with girls and blue with boys (while Belgian and
Catholic German culture used the opposite), and because France set the fashion in the
20th century, their tradition held sway.
Pink is a badge of shame in the color coding of socially
undesirable boys or men. Nazi concentration camp
badges included a pink triangle for gay men, while
lesbians were lumped into an ‘asocial elements’ group
with a black triangle.
This categorization is made according to reproductive
function:
 Alex MacFarlane is believed to be the
first person to obtain a birth certificate
recording sex as indeterminate, and
the first Australian passport with an 'X'
sex marker in 2003.

Alex MacFarlane is an intersex person

born with XXY sex chromosomes
(Klinefelter syndrome) in Victoria,
Australia.
Photos from google.com
Linda Hunt: A Celebrity with
Turner's Syndrome. Linda Hunt
was born on April 2, 1945 in
Morristown, New Jersey by the
name of Lydia Susanna Hunter.

Photos from google.com

The hijras, of India, are one of the most recognized and socially
accepted groups of third genders. However, in general hijras are
born with typically male physiology, only a few having been born
with intersex variations.

Photos from google.com

You know why tricolor (calico) cats are
mostly female? The genes for displaying
black or orange color is on the X
chromosome while the code for white is a
different gene. So since females have XX
chromosomes, they can have both orange
and black, and white too. Males, on the
other hand, have XY choromosomes so
they cannot have both orange and black
colors. They can only be black-white or
orange-white, but definitely not tricolor.
There is a rare faulty condition though,
wherein the male cat has XXY
chromosomes (trisomy). Photos from google.com
MEN and WOMEN ACCORDING TO BIOLOGY

Besides the fact that male produce sperm

and female egg cells, Male & Female
differ from each other:

external genitalia (sex organs)

 secondary sex characteristics

patterns of body hair distribution
voice pitch, muscular development
diseases (hemophilia, colorblindness
Adams apple breasts
different chromosomal make-up

Intersexed
Turner Syndrome = XO
Klienfelter’s Syndrome = XXY
Some intersex people are transgender,
but intersex does not necessarily
mean transgender, and transgender
does not necessarily mean intersex.
The new BBC Two series “Countdown to Life” looks at the
fascinating phenomenon of children in this community who are
born girls and then spontaneously develop penises once
they’ve entered puberty. They are called guevedoces, which
loosely translates to “penis at twelve.” They are also sometimes
referred to as machihembras, which means “first a woman,
then a man.”
But with guevedoces, the testosterone never transforms into
dihydrotestosterone while in the womb. Dr. Julianne Imperato-McGinley, a
professor of medicine and endocrinology with Cornell Medical College in New
York, visited the communities and uncovered the mystery behind this genetic
disorder. She found these kids had low levels of 5-alpha-reductase, an enzyme
that helps to convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. This delays the
development of male genitalia.

Photos from IB Times UK

 Male Female

Primary – penis vagina

reproductive testicles clitoris
organs/genitalia (sperm) (ovum)

Intersexed
They may have sex organs that appear to be somewhat
female or male or both. They do not, however, have
complete female genitals and complete male genitals.
They may have a large clitoris — more than two-fifths
of an inch long. They may have a small penis — less
than an inch long.
 Hormones
A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids or
sap and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells
remote from its point of origin; especially; one exerting
a stimulatory effect on a cellular activity.

Male Female
Testosterone Progesterone
Androgen Estrogen
ALL HUMAN BEINGS PRODUCE BOTH
MALE AND FEMALE HORMONES.

During childhood and after the age of sixty,

there is little difference in the quantity
of male and female hormones they
produce.
Gender
Gender refers to the differentiated
social roles, behavior, capacities
and intellectual, emotional, and
social characteristics attributed by
a given culture to women and
men.
The term implies the cultural
roles expected of a person.
 The characteristics attributed to
females are labeled as
feminine
and those attributed to
males are labeled as
masculine
as defined by a given society.

Hence, gender is a social construct.

Gender is a variable concept, as its construction
varies across cultures and over time.
Why is the color violet/lavender/purple used for
gender equality?
Attributes of Sex:

Maleness

Femaleness

Attributes of Gender:

 Masculinity
Femininity
Female Feminine
Male Masculine
Sex Gender

Physical Social
Universal Cultural
Congenital Learned behavior
Unchanging Changes over time
Unvarying Varies within a culture/
among cultures
Among the Gaddhi in the foothills of the Himalayas, some girls adopt a role as
a sadhin, renouncing marriage, and dressing and working as men, but retaining
female names and pronouns.late-nineteenth century anthropologist noted the
existence of a similar role in Madras, that of the basivi.
 The Mohave Indians had the terms Alyha (Male-born)
and Hwame (Female-born) for their Two-spirit
identities.
The Babaylan (Philippines)
Question:

Are Women born Feminine?

Are Men born Masculine?
A majority of behavioral
scientists agree that...

Gender Roles
are not inborn.

They are learned.

 How does your society or
culture teach you to:
 Think
 Feel
 Behave
according to your gender role?
If you are a man,
what does it mean to be
masculine?
If you are a woman,
what does it mean to be
feminine?
 The process of LEARNING
and INTERNALIZING
culturally approved ways of:

 thinking
 feeling
 behaving

according to one’s gender is...

Gender Role Socialization

Learning of gender roles begin in the early
stages of childhood.

As an outcome:

Male gender-roles and

Female gender-roles develop.
 Reproductive Productive Community
Women Primary role Often assumed to Community
Mother have none or as management or
Housewife supplementary voluntary service –
producer/earner extension of
only reproductive role,
and often informal,
usually unpaid
Men Father Primary role: Leadership
Breadwinner Politics
Defence –often
formalized and paid
Gender Stereotypes

•fixed
•unquestioned beliefs
•images we carry in
the back of our minds
about women and men
 GENDER STEREOTYPES

It is the tendency or attitude, to ascribe

particular traits, characteristics and roles
distinctly to men and

particular traits, characteristics, roles

distinctly women

that have become fixed in one’s mind

that is not open to change.
The assumption behind stereotyping is that the
ascribed attributes of men apply to all men

and that of women apply to all women in a given

society.
The confusion between sex and gender
gives rise to such stereotypes as:

Men:
They are physically stronger, then, they
are better engineers, architects, welders
or carpenters. They are the protectors of
women.

Women:
They are physically weak, then, they are
better sewers. They need protection
from men.
Are we forever trapped
in the gender roles
shaped by our society?

If development
means change,
will gender
relationships remain
unaffected?
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
 Roles of Women and Men
WOMEN MEN
Reproductive • Childbearing and child rearing •No clearly defined role
Role • Organizing of households
Productive • Rural Areas: often disguised in subsistence • Often “primary” income
Role economy or domestic work earners
• Urban Areas: many in small scale enterprises • Often organized around
(“informal sector: mainly in household (often this role i.e., workers’
disguised) and neighborhood level) organization/trade
• As ‘secondary’ income earners, make a critical unions
contribution to income of poor households
• Female headed may be sole income earner

Community managing: Community politics:

Community- • Is an extension of reproductive role into • Organized at formal
level Role community action political level i.e.,
• Because services they need in reproductive traditional decision-
role not/badly provided making structures;
Community politics: • Leaders (often paid)
• Tend to be leaders by virtue of relationship with
other men
• Rank and file (voluntary)
 Gender difference in time use
Percentage of time spent by rural Sri Lankan women and men on
different activities
Activity Women Men
Food preparation 92 8
Winnowing & parboiling rice 100 0
Preserving food for the hungry season 80 20
Storing grain at harvest time 30 70
Production -fruits & vegetables- home consumption 80 20
Fetching water 98 2
Collecting firewood 65 35
Upkeep of house & yard 95 5
Bringing up children 90 10
Bathing children 80 20
Attending to the sick in the family 85 15
Reasons for the Tendency of Development
Planning to be Gender-Blind

1. Gender-blindness of analytical framework in

economics

1.1 Dichotomy in economic theory between

macroeconomics and microeconomics.

1.2 Macroeconomics deals with aggregates and is not

concerned with people and their differences
1.3 Gender bias in microeconomic theory leads to
unsatisfactory treatment of gender and gender-related
issues by economists and planners.

1.4 Invalid assumptions regarding the nature and importance

of boundary between household and market

1.5 Failure to recognize contribution of household, particularly

the women, to social and economic welfare leads to under
enumeration of women’s contributions to economic
production and flawed view of allocative efficiency.
1.6 Invalid assumption re time allocation between work and
leisure for women leads to flawed measurement of labor
force participation, ignoring of value of unpaid work,
opportunity cost and elasticity of women’s time.

1.7 Failure to consider economic significance of social, cultural

and institutional context which tend to restrict women’s
activities leads to allocative inefficiency.
2. Invisibility of women in statistics: time-use, informal
sector, unpaid work, home-based activities.

3. Values and attitudes of planners influence their planning

work

• Dominant role given to economics.

• Gender bias

• Low value given to genuine consultation with sectors

especially the poor, women, ethnic minorities and
laborers
 Juan de la Cruz goes to the doctor
Doctor: What is your job?
Juan: I am a farmer
Doctor: Have you any children?
Juan: God has been good to me. I have 7 children.
Doctor: Does your wife work?
Juan: No, she stays home.
Doctor: I see. How does she spend her day?
Juan: Well, she gets up at four in the
morning, fetches water and wood, makes
the fire, cooks breakfast and cleans the
house. Then she goes to the river
and washes clothes. Once a week she
walks to the grinding mill. After that
she goes to the town with the two smallest children
where she sells tomatoes by the roadside while she knits.
She buys what she wants from the shops. Then cooks
the midday meal.

Doctor: You come home at midday?

Juan: No, she brings the meal to my place.

Doctor: And after that?

Juan: She stays in the field to do the weeding, and then
goes to the vegetable garden to water.

Doctor: What do you do?

Juan: I must go and discuss business and
drink with the men in the village.
Doctor: And after that ?
Juan: I go home for supper which my wife
prepared.
Doctor: Does she go to bed after supper?
Juan: No. I do. She has many things to do
around the house until 9 or 10:00pm.
Doctor: But I thought you said your wife
doesn’t work.
Juan: Of course, she doesn’t work. I told you
she stays home.