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DEFINITION
It is a hydrocarbon product of Petroleum crude which
is semi solid material. Bitumen by definition is
soluble in carbon disulphide.
The hydrocarbons that make up bitumen can generally
be made up of the following :
Asphaltenes
Resins
Oils
Asphaltenes are large, high molecular weight
hydrocarbon fractions precipitated from asphalt
by a designated paraffinic naphtha solvent.
Asphaltenes have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of
0.8. It is insoluble in n-heptanes/n-pentane, etc.
Asphaltenes constitute the body of the asphalt.
Resins are hydrocarbon molecules with a
carbon to hydrogen ratio of more than 0.6
but less than 0.8. It provides ductility and
adhesiveness to asphalt.
Oils are hydrocarbon molecules with a carbon
to hydrogen ratio of less than 0.6. Oils
influence the viscosity and flow of the
asphalt.
Constitutes of Bitumen :
Complex chemical mixture of molecules that are
predominantly hydrocarbons with a small
amount structurally analogous species (sulphur,
nitrogen, oxygen atoms). Some trace quantities
of metal such as vanadium, nickel, iron, mg,
calcium.
Carbon : 82-88 %
Hydrogen : 8-11 %
Sulphur : 0-6 %
Oxygen : 0-1.5 %
Nitrogen : 0-1 %
CLASSIFICATION
Native Bitumen
Cutback Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsions
Modified Binder
ASPHALT CEMENT/NATIVE BITUMEN :
The primary asphalt product produced by the
distillation of crude oil. They are produced in
various viscosity grades, the most common
being VG 2.5, VG 5, VG 10, VG20 and VG40.
The viscosity grades indicate the viscosity in
hundreds of poises ±20% measured at 60°C. For
example, VG 2.5 has a viscosity of 250 poises
±50.
CUTBACK BITUMEN/LIQUID ASPHALT
Bitumen, the viscosity of which is reduced with
a suitable volative diluent usually a petroleum
distillate.
It is a fluid binder that can be handled at air
temperatures.
It can be mixed with aggregates in cold
condition.
Types and grades are based on the type of
solvent, which governs viscosity and the rates of
evaporation and curing.
1. RC (Rapid Curing) :
use naphtha or gasoline as a solvent.
high volatility of solvent
tack coats, surface treatments
2. MC (Medium Curing) :
use kerosene as a solvent
moderate volatility
stockpile patching mix
3. SC (Slow Curing) :
use diesel fuel as a solvent
low volatility
prime coat, dust control
BITUMEN EMULSIONS :
A liquid product in which a substantial amount of
bitumen is dispersed in a finely divided droplets in an
aqueous medium containing an emulsifier and a
stabilizer.
The emulsifying unit breaks up the asphalt cement
and disperses it, in the form of very fine droplets, in
the water carrier. When used, the emulsion sets as the
water evaporates. The emulsion usually contains 55-
75% asphalt cement and upto 3% emulsifying agent.
Emulsifier gives surface charge to asphalt
droplets suspended in water medium
Cationic Emulsions :
asphalt particles have positive charge
adhere better with negative particles (e.g. ,
silica)
acid in nature
also work better with wet aggregates and in
cold weather
Anionic Emulsions :
asphalt particles have negative charge
adhere better with positive surface charges
(e.g.,limestone)
alkaline in nature
There are three grades of the two types of
asphalt depending on amount and type of agent
used (C indicates cationic type and its absence
indicates anionic type) :
Rapid Setting (RS or CRS) —
A quick setting emulsion used for surface
treatment, penetration macadam and tack coat.
Medium Setting (MS or CMS) —
A medium breaking emulsion used for plant or road
mixes with fine aggregates between 5 percent and 20
percent retained on 2.36 mm sieve.
- Used for open graded premix work and bituminous
macadam.
Slow Setting (SS or CSS) —
A slow breaking emulsion used for plant or road mixes
with graded fine aggregates greater than 20 percent,
passes a 2.36 mm sieve and a portion of which may pass a
75 µm sieve.
- Used in slurry seal, seal coat, soil/sand stabilization, etc.
Advantagesofasphaltemulsions
The solvents in the cutbacks, such as gasoline,
which are lost due to evaporation becoming
more expensive. With emulsions, water is the
main material that evaporates.
Evaporation of the solvents in the cutbacks
releases hydrocarbons into the atmosphere
which are damaging to the environment.
Emulsions can be used at lower temperatures
and are not as likely to ignite as cutbacks.
Petroleum asphalt flow chart
MODIFIED BINDERS
More stable under heavy loads, braking and accelerating
forces and shows increased resistance to permanent
deformation in hot weather.
It resists fatigue loads and having better adhesion between
aggregates and binders.
Types of Modifiers :
Sulphur
Natural Rubber
Crumb Rubber from discarded tyres
Styrene-butadiene-Styrene (SBS)
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polypropylene,etc
General requirements of modifier :
Be compatible with bitumen
Be able to resist degradation of bitumen at mixing
temperature
Be capable of being processed by conventional
mixing lying machinery
Produce coating viscosity at application temperature
Maintain premium properties during storage,
application and in service
Be cost-effective
Polymer Modified Binder (PMB)
A straight run bitumen, the characteristics of
which have been improved by addition of
polymers, namely, styrene-butadiene-styrene
(SBS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyethylene
(PE).
Polymer Modified Bitumen
Pavements based on Modified Bitumen have
been shown to have a longer life with a better
resistance to:
rutting
cracking
stripping
ageing
thermal cracking
Crumb Rubber Modified Binder
(CRMB)
A straight run bitumen whose characteristics
have been modified by addition of crumb or
natural rubber.
Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen is designed
to maximise resistance to permanent
deformation and reduce fatigue of asphalt
mixtures that are used in the most
demanding locations.
Its range is particularly suited to heavy traffic
locations such as highways, main roads,
airfields, roundabouts and bus lanes.
Advantages of modified bitumen:
Lower susceptibility to daily seasonal temperature
variations
Higher resistance to deformation at elevated pavement
temperature
Better ageing resistance properties
Higher fatigue life of mixes
Better adhesion between aggregates and binder,
especially under exposure to water
Preventing cracking and reflective cracking
Overall improved performance in extreme climatic
conditions and under heavy traffic conditions.
Some other bitumen :
Blown Bitumen (Oxidised Bitumen) — Bitumen, the
properties of which are modified by blowing air through it at
a comparatively high temperature and pressure.
- used in wide variety of industrial application including
roofing, flooring, pipe coating, etc.
Warm Asphalt – It is produced using a synthetic zeolite
(aluminum silicate) during mixing at the plant to create a
foaming effect in the binder.
- use in Europe
- To apply bitumen at reduced temperatures
Foamed Bitumen – created by the
computer controller injection of a
predetermined amount of cold water (usually
around 2.5%) into hot bitumen in the mixing
chamber of a pavement recycling unit.