Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Power Plant Engineering

 FUEL AND
COMBUSTION

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 2

 COMBUSTION
 The combustion process is a chemical reaction where fuel is
oxidized and energy is released.

CO2
Fuel
C nH m
Combustion H2O
Chamber N2
Air

Reactants Products
TR, PR PP, TP
Qnet

 The components prior to the reaction are called Reactants and

the components after the reaction are called Products.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 3

 COMBUSTION
 Fuels are usually composed of some compound or
mixture containing carbon, C, and hydrogen, H2.
 Examples of hydrocarbon fuels are:-
CH4 Methane
C8H18 Octane
Coal Mixture of C, H2, S, O2, N2 and non-combustibles

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 4

 COMBUSTION
 The balanced combustion equation is obtained by making sure we
have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides
of the equation.
 That is we make sure the mass is conserved.

C8 H18  A O2  B CO2  D H2 O
C8 H18  12.5 O2  8 CO2  9 H2 O

C 8 H 18  12 . 5 ( O 2  3 . 76 N 2 ) 
8 CO 2  9 H 2 O  47 N 2

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 5

 COMBUSTION
 Mole numbers are not conserved but we have conserved the mass
on a total basis as well as a specie basis.
 The complete combustion process is also called the
Stoichiometric combustion, and all coefficients are called
the Stoichiometric coefficients.
 In most combustion processes oxygen is supplied in the form of
air rather than pure oxygen.
 Air is assumed to be 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen on a
volume basis.
 For ideal gas mixtures, percent by volume is equal
to percent by moles.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 6

 COMBUSTION
 Complete combustion of the fuel will not occur unless there is an
excess of air present greater than just the theoretical air required for
complete combustion.
 To determine the amount of excess air supplied for a combustion
process, let us define the air-fuel ratio, AF as kmol air
AF 
kmol fuel

 the theoretical air fuel ratio C 8 H 18  12 . 5 ( O 2  3 . 76 N 2 ) 

 Mole basis 8 CO 2  9 H 2 O  47 N 2
12.5(1  3.76) kmol air
AFth   59.5
1 kmol fuel
 Mass Basis
kg a ir
2 8 .9 7
k m o l a ir k m o l a ir
A Fth  5 9 .5
k m o l fu e l [ 8 ( 1 2 )  1 8 ( 1)] k g fu e l
k m o l fu e l
kg a ir
 1 5.1 2
k g fu e l
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 7
 Theoretical and Percent Excess Air

 In most cases more than theoretical air is supplied to

insure complete combustion and to reduce or eliminate
carbon monoxide (CO) from the products of
combustion.
 The amount of excess air is usually expressed as percent
theoretical air and percent excess air.

AFactual N O2 actual
Percent theoreticalair  100% Percent theoretical air  100%
AFth N O2 th

AFactual  AFth N O2 actual  N O2 th

Percentexcessair  100% Percent excess air  100%
AFth N O2 th

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 8

 Theoretical and Percent Excess Air

 Write the combustion equation of octane with 120% theoretical

air (20% excess air).
C8 H18  12
. (12.5) (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
8 CO2  9 H2 O  (0.2)(12.5) O2  12
. (47) N 2
 Note that (1)(12.5)O2 is required for complete combustion to
produce 8 kmol of carbon dioxide and 9 kmol of water.
 therefore, (0.2)(12.5)O2 is found as excess oxygen in the
products.
 Second method to balance the equation for excess air:-
C 8 H 18  1.2 Ath ( O 2  3.76 N 2 ) 
8 CO 2  9 H 2 O  0.2 Ath O 2  1.2 ( 47 ) N 2

O: 1.2 Ath ( 2 )  8 ( 2 )  9 (1)  0.2 Ath ( 2 )

Ath  12 .5
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 9
 Incomplete Combustion With Known %
Theoretical Air
 Consider combustion of C8H18 with 120 % Theoretical air where
80 % C in the fuel goes into CO2 :-
C8 H18  12
. (12.5) (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
8 CO2  9 H2 O  (0.2)(12.5) O2  12
. (47) N 2

C8 H18  1.2(12.5) ( O2  3.76 N 2 ) 

0.8(8) CO2  0.2(8) CO  9 H2 O  X O2  12
. ( 47) N 2
O: 1.2 (12 .5)( 2 )  0.8 (8)( 2 )  0.2 (8)(1)  9 (1)  X ( 2 )
X  3.3

 Why is X>2.5?
 Then the balanced equation is
C8 H18  12
. (12.5) (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
6.4 CO2  16
. CO  9 H2 O  3.3 O2  12
. (47) N 2
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 10
 Combustion Equation When Product Gas Analysis Is Known

Example
 Propane gas C3H8 is reacted with air such that the dry product
gases are 11.5% CO2, 2.7% O2, and 0.7% CO by volume.
What percent theoretical air was supplied?
What is the dew point temperature of the products if the
product pressure is 100 kPa?

X C3 H8  A (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
. CO2  0.7 CO  2.7 O2  B H2 O  A(3.76) N 2
115

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 11

 Combustion Equation When Product Gas Analysis Is Known

 The unknown coefficients A, B, and X are found by conservation

of mass for each species. C: X (3)  115
. (1)  0.7(1) X  4.07
H: X (8)  B (2) B  16.28
O: A(2)  115 . (2)  0.7(1)
 2.7(2)  B (1) A  22.69
N 2 : A(3.76)  85.31

 The balanced equation is

4.07 C3 H8  22.69 ( O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
. CO2  0.7 CO  2.7 O2  16.28 H2 O  85.31 N 2
115
Second method to find A:
 Assume the remainder of the 100 kmol of dry product gases is
N2.
kmol N 2  100  (115
.  0.7  2.7)  851
.
851.
A  22.65 ( fairly good check )
3.76
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 12
 Combustion Equation When Product Gas Analysis Is Known

 Generally we should write the combustion equation

per kmol of fuel.
 To write the combustion equation per unit kmol of fuel divide by
4.07:
C3 H8  557
. (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
2.83 CO2  017
. CO  0.66 O2  4.0 H2 O  20.96 N 2

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 13

 COMBUSTION
k g a ir
5 .5 7 ( 1  3 .7 6 ) k m o l a ir 2 8 .9 7
 The actual air-fuel ratio is A F th 
k m o l a ir
k g fu e l
1 k m o l fu e l [ 3 ( 1 2 )  8 ( 1 )]
k m o l fu e l
k g a ir
C3 H8  557
. (O2  3.76 N 2 )   1 7 .4 5
k g fu e l
2.83 CO2  017
. CO  0.66 O2  4.0 H2 O  20.96 N 2

 The theoretical combustion equation is

C3 H8  5 ( O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
3 CO2  4.0 H2 O  18.80 N 2
 The theoretical air-fuel ratio is
k g a ir
( 5 ) ( 1  3 .7 6 ) k m o l a i r 2 8 .9 7
k m o l a ir
A F th 
k g fu e l
1 k m o l f u e l[ 3 (1 2 )  8 (1) ]
k m o l fu e l
k g a ir
 1 5 .6 6
k g fu e l
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 14
 COMBUSTION
 The percent theoretical air is
AFactual
Percent theoretical air  100%
AFth
17.45
 100  111%
15.66
N O2 actual
Percent theoretical air  100%
N O2 th
5.57
 100  111%
5
 The percent excess air is
AFactual  AFth
Percent excess air  100%
AFth
17.45  15.66
 100  11%
15.66
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 15
 Dew Point Temperature:

 The dew point temperature for the product gases is the

temperature at which the water in the product gases would begin
to condense when the products are cooled at constant pressure.
 The dew point temperature is equal to the saturation temperature
of the water at its partial pressure in the products.

TDP  Tsat at Pv  yv Pproducts

N water
yv 
 Ne products

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 16

 Dew Point Temperature:

C3 H8  557
. (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
2.83 CO2  017
. CO  0.66 O2  4.0 H2 O  20.96 N 2

4
yv   01398
.
2.83  017.  0.66  4  20.96
Pv  yv Pproducts  01398
. (100 kPa )
 13.98 kPa
TDP  Tsat at13.98 kPa
= 52.44 o C

 What would happen if the product gases are cooled to

1000C or to 300C?

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 17

 Dew Point Temperature:

Example
 An unknown hydrocarbon fuel, CXHY is reacted with air such
that the dry product gases are 12.1% CO2, 3.8% O2, and 0.9% CO
by volume.
What is the average make-up of the fuel?

C X HY  A (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
12.1 CO2  0.9 CO  38
. O2  B H2 O  D N 2

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 18

 Dew Point Temperature:

 The unknown coefficients A, B, and X are found by conservation

of mass for each species. N : D  100  (12.1  0.9  38
. )  83.2
2
D 8 3 .2
O2: A    2 2 .1 3
3 .7 6 3 .7 6
O: A ( 2 )  ( 1 2 .1 )( 2 )  ( 0 .9 )( 1 )  ( 3 .8 )( 2 )  B ( 1 )
B  1 1.5 4
C : 1 ( X )  1 2 .1 ( 1 )  ( 0 .9 )( 1 )
X  1 3 .0
H : 1( Y )  B ( 2 )
 The balanced equation is Y  2 3 .0 8

C13 H23.08  22.13 (O2  3.76 N 2 ) 

12.1 CO2  0.9 CO  3.8 O2  1154 . H2 O  83.2 N 2

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 19

 Enthalpy of Formation

 When a compound is formed from its elements ( e.g. Methane,

CH4, from C and H2), heat transfer occurs.
When heat is given off, the reaction is called exothermic.
When heat is required, the reaction is called endothermic.

Methan
C Reaction e
2H2
Chamber CH4

Reactants Products
Qnet TP =298K
TR = 298 K
PP = 1 Atm
PR = 1 Atm

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 20

 Enthalpy of Formation

C  2 H2  CH4
 The conservation of energy for a steady-flow combustion process
is
E in  E o u t
Q n et  H R eactan ts  H P ro d u cts

Q n et  H P ro d u cts  H R eactan ts

Qnet  N h
Products
e e  Nh
Reactants
i i

Qnet  1hCH4  (1hC  1hH2 )

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 21

 Enthalpy of Formation

 We need to establish a common reference state for the enthalpies

of reacting components.
 The enthalpy of the elements or their stable compounds is defined
to be zero at 250C (298 K) and 1 atm (or 0.1 MPa).
Qnet  1hCH4  (1(0)  1(0))
 hCH4
 This heat transfer is called the enthalpy of formation h fo
for methane
 The superscript (o) implies the 1 atm pressure value and the
subscript (f) implies 25oC data.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 22

 Enthalpy of Formation

 During the formation of methane from the elements at 298 K, 0.1

MPa, heat is given off (an exothermic reaction) such that
kJ
Qnet  h f CH  74,850
o
4 kmolCH4
 The enthalpy of formation,h fo , is tabulated for typical compounds.

 The enthalpy of formation of the elements in their stable form is

taken as zero.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 23

 Enthalpy of Formation

 The enthalpy of formation of the elements found naturally as

diatomic elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, is
defined to be zero.
Substance Formula M
h fo kJ/kmol
Air 29 0
Oxygen O2 32 0
Nitrogen N2 28 0
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44 -393,520
Carbon Monoxide CO 28 -110,530
Water (vapor) H2Ovap 18 -241,820
Water (liquid) H2Oliq 18 -285,830
Methane CH4 16 -74,850
Acetylene C 2H 2 26 +226,730
Ethane C 2H 6 30 -84,680
Propane C 3H 8 44 -103,850
Butane C4H10 58 -126,150
Octane (vapor) C8H18 114 -208,450
Dodecane C12H26 170 -291,010

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 24

 Enthalpy of Formation

 The enthalpies are calculated relative to a common base or

reference called the enthalpy of formation.
 The enthalpy of formation is the heat transfer required to form the
compound from its elements at 250C (77 F) or 298 K (537 R), 1
atm.
 The enthalpy at any other temperature is given as

h  h fo  (hT  h o )
 Here the term ho is the enthalpy of any component at 298 K.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 25

 Enthalpy of Formation

 If tables are not available, the enthalpy difference due to the

temperature difference can be calculated from:
(hT  h o )  CP (T  298)
 When the reactants and products are at temperatures other than
298 K, the enthalpy is given by
 The heat transfer is

Qnet  HP  HR
  e f T )]e 
N [h o

Products
 (h  h o
 i f T )]i
N [h o

Reactants
 (h  h o

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 26

 Enthalpy of Formation

Example:
 Butane gas C4H10 is burned in theoretical air as shown below.
Find the net heat transfer per kmol of fuel.
Fuel CO2
Reaction Chamber
C4H10 H2O
Theoretical
N2
Air
Product
Reactant s
s TP ,PP
Qnet
TR ,PR

 Balanced combustion equation:

C 4 H 1 0  6 .5 ( O 2  3 .7 6 N 2 ) 
4 C O 2  5 H 2 O  2 4 .4 4 N 2

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 27

 Enthalpy of Formation

 The steady-flow heat transfer is

Qnet  H P  H R
  e f T )]e 
N [h o

Products
 ( h  h o
 i f T )]i
N [h o

Reactants
 ( h  h o

 Reactants: TR = 298 K

Comp Ni h fo hT ho N i [h fo  (hT  h o )]
kmol/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol fuel
fuel
C4H10 1 -126,150 - - -126,150
O2 6.5 0 8,682 8,682 0
N2 24.44 0 8,669 8,669 0
H R   N i [h fo  (hT  h o )]i
Reactants

kJ
 126,150
kmol C4 H10
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 28
 Enthalpy of Formation

 Products: TP = 1000 K
Ne o
Comp kmol/kmol fuel h f
o
hT h N e [h fo  (hT  h o )]

kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol fuel

CO2 4 -393,520 42,769 9,364 -1,440,460
H2O 5 -241,820 35,882 9,904 -1,079,210
N2 24.44 0 30,129 8,669 +524,482

HP   e f T )]e
N [h o

Products
 ( h  h o

Qnet  H P  H R
kJ kJ
 1,995,188  1,869,038
kmol C4 H10 kmol C4 H10

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 29

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 The temperature the products have when a combustion process
takes place adiabatically is called the adiabatic flame
temperature.
Example:
 Liquid octane, C8H18(liq) is burned with 400% theoretical air.
Find the adiabatic flame temperature when the reactants enter at
298 K, 0.1 MPa and the products leave at 0.1MPa.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 30

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 The combustion equation is
CO2
Fuel Combustion
C8H18 Chamber O2
400% H2O
TheoAir
N2
Reactants Products
Qnet = 0
TR = 298 K TP = ?
PR = 0.1 MPa PP = 0.1MPa

 The steady-flow heat transfer is

C 8 H 1 8  4 ( 1 2 .5 ) ( O 2  3 .7 6 N 2 ) 
8 C O 2  3 7 .5 O 2  9 H 2 O  1 8 8 N 2

Q n et  H P  H R
  N e [h fo  ( h T  h o )] e 
P ro d u cts
 N i [h fo  ( h T  h o )] i
R eac tan ts

 0 ( A d ia b a tic C o m b u stio n )
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 31
 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 Thus, HP = HR for adiabatic combustion. We need to solve this
equation for TP.
 Since the reactants are at 298 K, (hT  h o)i = 0,

HR  Nh
Reactants
i
o
f i

 1( 249 ,950)  4 (12.5)( 0)  4 (12.5)( 3.76)( 0)

kJ
 249 ,950
kmol C4 H10

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 32

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature

HP   e f TP )]e
N [h
Products
o
 ( h  h o

 8( 393,520  hTP  9364) CO2

 9( 241,820  hTP  9904) H2 O
 37.5(0  hTP  8682) O2
 188(0  hTP  8669) N 2

H P  ( 7,443,845  8hTP , CO2  9hTP , H2 O

kJ
 37.5hTP , O2  188hTP , N 2 )
kmol C4 H10

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 33

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 Thus, setting HP = HR yields

8hTP , CO2  9hTP , H2 O  37.5hTP , O2  188hTP , N 2  7,193,895

 To estimate TP, assume all products behave like N2 and estimate
the adiabatic flame temperature from the nitrogen data.

242.5hTP , N 2  7,193,895
kJ
hTP , N 2  29,6655
.
kmol N 2
Tp  985 K

34

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 34

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 Because of the tri-atomic CO2 and H2O, the actual temperature
will be somewhat less than 985 K. Try 960 K and 970K.
Ne
h960 K h970 K
CO2 8 40,607 41,145
H2O 9 34,274 34,653
O2 37.5 29,991 30,345
N2 188 28,826 29,151
7,177,572 7,259,362
N h e TP , e
Produts

 Interpolation gives: TP = 962 K

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 35

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Example
 Liquid octane, C8H18(liq) is burned with excess air. The adiabatic
flame temperature is 960 K when the reactants enter at 298 K, 0.1
MPa and the products leave at 0.1MPa. What percent excess air
is supplied?

CO2
Fuel Combustion O2
C8H18(liq)
Chamber H2O
Excess
Air N2

Reactants Products

TR = 298 K Qnet = 0 TP = 960 K

PR = 0.1 MPa PP = 0.1MPa

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 36

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 Let A be the excess air; then combustion equation is:-
C 8 H 18  (1  A )(12 .5) ( O 2  3.76 N 2 ) 
8 CO 2  12 .5 A O 2  9 H 2 O  (1  A )(12 .5)( 3.76 ) N 2
 The steady-flow heat transfer is
Q net  H P  H R
  N e [h fo  ( h T  h o )] e 
Products
 N i [h fo  ( h T  h o )] i
R eactants

 0 ( A diabatic C om bustion )

 Here, since the temperatures are known, the hT are known.

P

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 37

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 The product gas mole numbers are unknown but are functions of
the amount of excess air, A. The energy balance can be solved
for A. A3

 Thus 300% excess, or 400% theoretical, air is supplied.

Example
 Tabulate the adiabatic flame temperature as a function of excess
air for the complete combustion of C3H8 when the fuel enters the
reaction chamber at 298 K and the air enters at 400 K.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 38

 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
 The combustion equation is:
C3 H8  (1  A)(5) ( O2  3.76 N 2 ) 
3 CO2  5 A O2  4 H2 O  (1  A)(5)( 3.76) N 2
 Where A is the value of excess air in decimal form.
 The steady-flow heat transfer is
Q net  H P  H R
 N
P roducts
e [ h f
o
 ( h T  h o
)] e   N [h
R eactants
i f
o
 ( h T  h o )] i

 0 ( A diabatic C om bustion )
% Excess Air Adiabatic Flame Temp. K
0 2459.3
20 2191.9
50 1902.5
100 1587.1
217 1200
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 39
The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion

 When the products and reactants are at the same temperature,

the enthalpy of reaction hR, is the difference in their enthalpies.
 When the combustion is assumed to be complete with theoretical
air supplied the enthalpy of reaction is called the enthalpy of
combustion, hC.
 The enthalpy of combustion can be calculated any value of the
temperature but it is usually determined at 250C or 298 K.

hC  H P  H R when TP  TR  25o C  298 K

  e fe
N h o

Products
 i fi
N h o

Reactants

40

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 40

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion

Heating Value
 The heating value, HV, of a fuel is the absolute value of the
enthalpy of combustion or just the negative of the enthalpy of
combustion.
 The lower heating value, LHV, is the heating value when water
appears as a gas in the products.

LHV  hC   hC with H2 Ogas in products

 The lower heating value is often used as the amount of energy per
kmol of fuel supplied to the gas turbine engine.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 41

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion

Heating Value
 The higher heating value, HHV, is the heating value when water
appears as a liquid in the products.

HHV   hC    hC with H 2 Oliquid in products

 The higher heating value is often used as the amount of energy
per kmol of fuel supplied to the steam power cycle.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 42

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion
The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of
Combustion
Heating Value
 The higher and lower heat values are related by the amount of
water formed during the combustion process and the enthalpy of
vaporization of water at the temperature.

HHV  LHV  N H2 O h fg H2 O

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 43

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion

Heating Value
Example
 The enthalpy of combustion of gaseous C8H18 at 250C with liquid
water in the products is -5,512,200 kJ/kmol.
Find the lower heating value of liquid octane.

LHVC8 H18 gas  HHVC8 H18 gas  N H2 O h fg H2 O

kJ kmol H2 O kJ
 5,512,200 9 ( 44,010)
kmol C8 H18 kmol C8 H18 kmol H2 O
kJ
 5,116,110 44
kmol C8 H18
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 44
The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion

Closed System Analysis:

Example:
 A mixture of 1 kmol C8H18 gas and 200% excess air at 250C, 1
atm is burned completely in a closed system (a bomb) and is
cooled to 1200 K. Find the
Heat transfer from the system
System final pressure.

Wnet
1 kmol C8H18 gas

200% Excess Air

T1 = 25oC

Qnet P1 = 1 Atm
Rigid Container
T2 = 1200 K

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 45

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion
Closed System Analysis:

 Assume that the reactants and products are ideal gases, then

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 46

The Enthalpy of Reaction and Enthalpy of Combustion
The balanced combustion equation for 200% excess (300%
theoretical) air

Qnet  8( 393,520  53,848  9,364  8.314(1200)) CO2

 9( 241,820  44,380  9,904  8.314(1200)) H2 O
 25(0  38,447  8,682  8.314(1200)) O2
 141(0  36,777  8,669  8.314(1200)) N 2
 1( 208,450  h298 K  h o  8.314(1200)) C8 H18
 25(0  8,682  8,682  8.314(1200)) O2
 141(0  8,669  8,669  8.314(1200)) N 2
kJ
 112
.  106
kmol C8 H18

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 47