PB 2

Sensor dan Satelit

GD 216 Penginderaan Jauh I

Dr. Ir. Dewi Kania Sari, M.T.
Jurusan Teknik Geodesi - FTSP Itenas
Semester Genap 2011-2012
SENSOR DAN SATELIT
1. Sensor di Darat, di Udara, dan di Angkasa
2. Karakteristik Satelit: Orbit dan Swaths
3. Resolusi Citra Satelit: Spasial, Spektral,
Radiometris, dan Temporal
4. Penyiaman Multispektral
5. Pencitraan Termal
6. Satelit Cuaca
7. Satelit Pengamat Daratan
8. Satelit Pengamat Lautan
9. Penerimaan, Transmisi, dan Pemrosesan Data
1. On the Ground, In the Air, In
Space
• Platforms for remote sensors
In order for a sensor to collect
and record energy reflected or
emitted from a target or
surface, it must reside on a
stable platform.
may be situated on the
ground, on an aircraft or
balloon (or some other
platform within the Earth's
atmosphere), or on a
spacecraft or satellite outside
of the Earth's atmosphere.
▫ the characteristics of remote
sensing platforms and sensors
▫ the data they collect
▫ how those data are processed
once they have been recorded
by the sensor.
Ground-based sensors
• often used to record detailed
information about the surface
which is compared with information
collected from aircraft or satellite
sensors.
• can be used to better characterize
the target which is being imaged by
these other sensors, making it possible
to better understand the information
in the imagery
Aerial platforms
• Sensors may be placed on a
ladder, scaffolding, tall
building, cherry-picker, crane,
etc.
• Aerial platforms are
primarily stable wing
aircraft, although
helicopters are occasionally
used.
• Aircraft are often used to
collect very detailed images
and facilitate the collection
of data over virtually any
portion of the Earth‘s
surface at any time.
Sensor in Space
• In space, remote sensing is
sometimes conducted from the
space shuttle or, more
commonly, from satellites.
• Satellites are objects which
revolve around another object
- in this case, the Earth.
• Because of their orbits,
satellites permit repetitive
coverage of the Earth‘s
surface on a continuing basis.
2. Satellite Characteristics: Orbits
and Swaths
• satellites provide a great deal
of the remote sensing imagery
commonly used today
• have several unique
characteristics which make
them particularly useful for
remote sensing of the Earth's
surface.
• Since the early 1960s,
numerous satellite sensors
have been launched into orbit
to observe and monitor the
Earth and its environment.
The path followed by a
satellite is referred to as
its orbit.
• Satellite orbits are matched to
the capability and objective
of the sensor(s) they carry.
• Orbit selection can vary in
terms of altitude (their height
above the Earth's surface) and
their orientation and rotation
relative to the Earth.
Geostationary orbits
• at altitudes of approximately
36,000 kilometres
• revolve at speeds which match
the rotation of the Earth
• allows the satellites to observe
and collect information
continuously over specific
areas
• Satellites at very high
altitudes, which view the same Weather and
portion of the Earth's surface communications satellites
at all times have commonly have
geostationary orbits. geostationary orbits.
Nearpolar orbits
• Many remote sensing
platforms are designed to
follow an orbit (basically
north-south) which, in
conjunction with the Earth's
rotation (west-east), allows
them to cover most of the
Earth's surface over a
certain period of time. • Many of these satellite orbits
are also sun-synchronous
such that they cover each area
of the world at a constant local
Nearpolar time of day called local sun
orbits time.
 ascending and descending passes

• Most of the remote sensing

satellite platforms today are in
near-polar orbits
• Sensors recording reflected
solar energy only image the
surface on a descending pass,
when solar illumination is
available
• Active sensors which provide
their own illumination or
the satellite travels northwards on passive sensors that record
one side of the Earth and then emitted (e.g. thermal)
toward the southern pole on the radiation can also image the
second half of its orbit. surface on ascending passes.
Swaths
• As a satellite revolves around the
Earth, the sensor "sees" a certain
portion of the Earth's surface.
• The area imaged on the surface, is
referred to as the swath.
• Imaging swaths for spaceborne
sensors generally vary between tens
and hundreds of kilometres wide.
• As the satellite orbits the Earth from
pole to pole, its east-west position
wouldn't change if the Earth didn't
rotate. allows the satellite swath to
▫ However, it seems that the satellite cover a new area with
is shifting westward because the each consecutive pass
Earth is rotating (from west to east)
beneath it.
• The satellite's orbit and the
rotation of the Earth work
together to allow complete
coverage of the Earth's
surface, after it has completed
one complete cycle of
orbits.
• The exact length of time of the
orbital cycle will vary with
each satellite.
• The interval of time required If we start with any randomly
selected pass in a satellite's orbit, an
for the satellite to complete its
orbit cycle will be completed when
orbit cycle is not the same as the satellite retraces its path,
the "revisit period". passing over the same point on the
Earth's surface directly below the
satellite (called the nadir point)
for a second time.
• The revisit period is an important
consideration for a number of
monitoring applications,
especially when frequent imaging
is required.
▫ to monitor the spread of an oil
spill,
▫ to monitor the extent of flooding
▫ ---- ?

• In near-polar orbits, areas at high latitudes will be imaged more

frequently than the equatorial zone due to the increasing overlap
in adjacent swaths as the orbit paths come closer together near
the poles.
Resolusi Citra
• The detail discernible in an image is dependent on
the spatial resolution of the sensor and refers to
the size of the smallest possible feature that can be
detected.
• Spatial resolution is a measure of the spatial detail
in an image, which is a function of the design of the
sensor and its operating altitude above the surface.
• The spectral resolution of a remote sensing system
can be described as its ability to distinguish different
parts of the range of measured wavelengths.
Resolusi spasial untuk sensor pasif, bergantung
pada IFOV (Instantaneous Field of View).
IFOV : sudut yang dibentuk oleh sensor (A) yang
menentukan daerah di permukaan bumi yang dapat
“dilihat” (B) dari ketinggian tertentu dan pada saat
tertentu. Ukuran daerah yang dapat terlihat
ditentukan dengan mengalikan IFOV dengan jarak
sensor dari permukaan bumi (C).

Daerah pada permukaan bumi ini (B) disebut

dengan sel resolusi dan menentukan resolusi
spasial maksimum dari sensor.
Resolusi Citra
1. Resolusi spasial : ukuran objek terkecil (yang terdapat di permukaan
bumi) yang dapat disajikan, dibedakan, dan dikenali pada citra. Pada citra
digital, resolusi ini dibatasi oleh ukuran piksel.
• Ukuran piksel relatif kecil  menggambarkan bagian permukaan
bumi secara detail dan halus. Ukuran piksel relatif besar 
menggambarkan bagian permukaan bumi secara agak kasar.

2. Resolusi spektral : menunjukkan kemampuan sensor dalam

menentukan rentang panjang gelombang elektromagnetik secara halus.
• Semakin sempit rentang panjang gelombangnya, maka citra digital
tersebut mempunyai resolusi spektral yang tinggi.
3. Resolusi temporal : merupakan frekuensi perekaman ulang pada daerah yang sama
atau kemampuan sensor untuk merekam daerah yang sama.
• Contoh : resolusi temporal satelit Landsat 4 atau 5 adalah 16 hari – artinya satelit ini
mengambil gambar yang sama setiap 16 hari. Satelit Landsat 1,2, atau 3 adalah 18 hari,
dan SPOT 26 hari.

4. Resolusi radiometrik : kemampuan sensor untuk mendeteksi perbedaan

pantulan/pancaran terkecil atau kepekaan sensor terhadap perbedaan terkecil kekuatan
sinyal untuk mengubah intensitas pantulan atau pancaran menjadi angka Digital Number
(DN).
• Resolusi radiometrik pada citra digital diwakili oleh tipe data yang digunakan untuk
merepresentasikan nilai-nilai intensitas yang bersangkutan :
• 1 bit = 2^1 = 2 , nilai intensitas berkisar antara 0-1.
• 4 bit = 2^4 = 16, nilai intensitas berkisar antara 0-15.
• 8 bit (1byte) = 2^8 = 256, nilai intensitas berkisar antara 0-255.
•
Scanning Multispektral
Multispectral Scanner (MSS) adalah sistem sensor yang berupa sistem
scanner yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dengan berbagai
rentang panjang gelombang yang berbeda.

Across-Track Scanner Along-Track Scanner

Kelebihan Multispectral Scanner (MSS) dibandingkan dengan sensor
sistem fotografik adalah :
1. Spektrum sistem fotografik terbatas pada kisaran 0,3 µm – 0,9
µm (cahaya tampak hingga NIR), sedangkan detektor elektronik
penyiam multispektral mulai dari 0,3 µm hingga mendekati 14
µm.
2. Sistem fotografik multisaluran menggunakan sistem optik secara
terpisah untuk mengumpulkan tiap gambaran spektral secara
terpisah. Sedangkan MSS menggunakan sistem optik yang sama
untuk mengumpulkan data pada semua saluran secara bersama-
sama.
Pencitraan Thermal
Berbeda dengan jenis penginderaan jauh yang lain, pencitraan thermal
memanfaatkan panas yang dipancarkan obyek pengamatannya.
Prinsipnya adalah suhu pancaran yang berasal dari obyek di
permukaan bumi dan mencapai sensor termal, akan direkam oleh
sensor tersebut. Hasil perekamannya setelah diproses dapat berupa
citra maupun non citra.

Mengingat beda suhu obyek di permukaan

bumi pada umumnya kurang dari 1 °C pada
umumnya dibuat sensor termal dengan
kepekaan benda minimal 0,1 °C.