Oral

communication
Grade 11 - MAGALANG
 COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to another within
and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014). There is a wide variety of contexts and
situations in which communication can be manifested; it
can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation,
a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter
correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.
Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or
more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through
written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal),
or both spoken words and nonverbal actions
at the same time.
Elements of
Communication
 1. Speaker – the source of information or message
 2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
 3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the
speaker understands
 4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in
which the encoded message is conveyed
 5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
 6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
 7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
 8. Context – the environment where communication takes place
 9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
 Models of Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, the
Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts communication as a
linear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source
(producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver
(decoder of message from the signal); and a destination.
This model, however, has been criticized for missing one
essential element in the communication process: feedback.
Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the
receiver understands the message or not.
Shannon-Weaver Model
Transaction Model
 Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the Transaction
Model is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.
 Exercise II (Group)

Work with your group mates in the Let’s Warm Up

activity. As a group, do the following:
Study the diagram below. It represents the
Schramm Model.
Schramm (1954) modified the Shannon-Weaver
Model. What has Schramm added to the Shannon-
Weaver Model? Is the new model more
comprehensive? Why do you think so? How is it
different from or similar to the Transaction Model?
Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are
control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and
information dissemination.
Control – Communication functions to control behavior.
Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact
with others.
Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people
to live better.
Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s
expression of their feelings and emotions.
Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey
information.
Exercise III
Identify the function of communication in each of the following
situations. Write your answers on the space provided.
Features of an Effective Communication
Intheir pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and
Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. This list is widely used
today, especially in public relations and advertising.
1. Completeness
Complete communication is essential to the quality of the
communication process in general. Hence, communication
should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for
him/ her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but
making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or
redundant information should be eliminated from the
communication that will be sent to the recipient.
Features of an Effective
Communication
3. Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver such as mood, background,
race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others.
By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples
and situations. In this case, the receiver is more connected to the
message conveyed.
Features of an Effective
Communication
5. Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the
culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous
at all times creates a positive impact on the audience.
6. Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and
specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the
speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as
not to confuse the audience.
Features of an Effective
Communication

7. Correctness
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative
impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Barriers to Communication
There are instances when miscommunication and
misunderstanding occur because of certain barriers. To
become an effective communicator, you should
recognize these barriers that hinder the communication
process. This will enable you to control the situation, reset
conditions, and start anew. The table below presents some
barriers to effective communication with corresponding
solutions.
Barriers to Communication
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING