Generators

DC Generator
 AC Generator
with rotating armature winding
Working principle of 3 phase generator

F
 Classification

Based on speed

Turbo Generators Water wheel generates Engine driven

generators

Based on power Generated

AC Generators DC Generators

Single Phase Three Phase

Synchronous Generators Generators
generators

Induction Generators

Based on type of Rotor

Cylindrical Pole Machine

Salient Pole Rotor
 Stator
• Stator consists of stator core and stator windings or armature
windings.

• In three phase machines it consist of three windings (coils) which

are placed mechanically 120 degree apart. This is to facilitate a 120
electrical degree phase difference between the voltages generated.

• High silicon content steel is used in generators with very high

saturation flux density

• The loading of the generator is limited by saturation flux density of

the iron stator magnetic laminations and the ability of the machine to
remove heat
• In very large machines the stator conductors may be hollow to allow
very pure de-ionized water to be circulated in the windings to assist
in removing the heat.

• Epoxy impregnated material is used as insulation material

 Rotor

• Rotors are made of solid forging of steel alloy.

• Rotor are provided with field windings

• The rotor winding is of silver bearing copper. This is to increase the

strength of copper when subjected to high temperatures.
Capability Curve
 Excitation System

Functions excitation system

- Acts as an input to power generation procedure i.e. it provides energy for

magnetic field which keeps the generator in synchronism with the power system

-Acts as an effective tool to control reactive power flow.

- Instrumental in governing operation of generators with respect to capability

curve.

- Important role in case of system disturbance. i.e. it tries to maintain stability of

the generator
Control modes of excitation system

Automatic
- Constant voltage regulator
- Constant power factor regulation
- Constant reactive power regulation

Manual
- Manual regulation of excitation system

The generator can operate in either one of the above mentioned control
modes.

Also all of the above control modes have supplementary controls or limiters
which ensures safe operation of generator.
Supplement controls
- Maximum excitation level limit is to protect the rotor from over load.
At a field current > 110 % rated over excitation limiting becomes
active after a specific delay and reduces the field current.

- Stator current limit to prevent stator thermal overload

-V/f limit to prevent equipment [ i.e. transformer and generator] damage due to
excessive dielectric stress

-Under excitation limit to protect against generator stator end-winding heating

while operating in the under excited mode

- Power system stabilizer to damp low frequency oscillation or power swing.

Power System stabilization (PSS)
The power system stabilizer generates a supplementary signal from the active
power.

•This is switched-in at the voltage controller input if the power system stabilizer is
switched-on, and if the active power is >20 %.

• Under steady-state operating conditions, the signal is always zero.

• The device starts to operate and intervenes in the voltage control only when the
active power starts to oscillate.

• The signal is generated from phase position and voltage magnitude

• The action of the PSS is limited, so that a voltage deviation from the set point of ±
20 %,

`
 Generator Cooling
• Air cooled generators (up to 50MVA)
• Hydrogen Cooled Generators (up to
1000MVA )
• Hydrogen – water cooled generators (up
to 2000MVA)
Why Hydrogen gas ?

• Density of Hydrogen is 1/14 th that of air

• Hydrogen can carry out 11/2 times heat transfer

• Thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 7 times more than air

• Specific heat of hydrogen is high.

• Pressurized hydrogen is a better insulator than air

• when hydrogen is mixed with air and air content is 25% or more the gas
becomes explosive in nature.

• Increasing pressure of hydrogen gas improves its capacity to absorb and

remove heat.
• Insert scanned figure on the desktop
 Hydrogen cooled generators
1. Upper manifold
1
2. Lower manifold
Generator
3. Fire Protection Valve
2
4. Flexible Link
5. Gas Analyzer Blower
6. Dual Tower Gas Dryer 3
7. H2 pressure reducer
8. Redundant Gas Analyzer
4 M 6
9. Purging Gas Supply
10.H2 supply 5

7 KM 8 KM M M

Analyzer Dryer

Gas Skid

9 H2 10

Attachment 3 to Section D3.1

 Grounding of Generator
• Normally the generator neutral is grounded using high resistance
grounding method.
• The objective is to limit fault current to 10 – 15 Amperes.
• Directly grounding the generator through a resistance will not be
economical.
• By grounded through a transformer the resistance on the secondary
side of the transformer is reflected on the primary side as T2 X R.
• Hence a low voltage and low value resistance can be used which is
economical.
 Static frequency converter
• The gas turbine needs help to come to its firing point (around 60% of
rated speed).
Two methods can be used to start the gas turbine:
1) Pony motor with gearbox that engages on the main shaft.
2) A Static Frequency Converter (SFC) connected directly to the
generator terminals that will drive the generator as a motor for the
start-up phase.
• The SFC consist of LSC (Line Side Converter) and MSC (Machine
Side Converter) and a smoothing reactor. The most favorable
characteristic of SFC is that the LSC and MSC are identical to each
other and no supplement components are required for commutation
process.

• The SFC will slowly accelerate the generator as a motor with out any
voltage drop in the grid.

• The same SFC is used for purging and slow cooling down also. A
single SFC can be used to start more than one generator.

• The machine side converter is a load communicated inverter (LCI).

Thus the machine operates as a variable speed drive.
Thank You