BIOENERGETICS

GROUP 1
Ask yourself…

Why do trees need sunlight? Why do people

need to eat? Why do living things give off
heat? What makes our muscles burn during
intense bouts of exercise? Now ask yourself,
what do all these questions have in
common?
What is Bioenergetics?

▶ The study of energy in living systems

(environments) and the organisms (plants and
animals) that utilize them.
▶ Bioenergetics is a broad discipline of
biochemistry that focuses on energy
transformations within living organisms and the
efficiency of energy transfers between different
organisms.
Topics To Be Discussed:

▶ Structures and Functions of Cells

▶ Photosynthesis and Energy Flow
▶ Utilization of Energy
Bioenergetics:
Structures and
Functions of Cells
CELL

▶ Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-

bound unit that contains the fundamental
molecules of life and of which all living
things are composed.
Cell Theory [History]
▶ Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek
▶ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, (born October 24,
1632, Delft, Netherlands—died August 26, 1723,
Delft), Dutch microscopist who was the first to
observe bacteria and protozoa.
▶ Leeuwenhoek made microscopes consisting of a
single high-quality lens of very short focal length; at
the time, such simple microscopes were preferable
to the compound microscope, which increased
the problem of chromatic aberration.
Cell Theory [History]
▶ The cell was first discovered and named by Robert
Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked strangely
similar to cellula or small rooms which monks
inhabited, thus deriving the name.
▶ Hooke’s description of these cells was published
in Micrographia.
Cell Theory
▶ Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of biology.
Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to
German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow.
[Modern] Cell Theory states that…
▶ All known living things are made up of cells.
▶ The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
▶ All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
(Spontaneous Generation does not occur).
▶ Cells contains hereditary information which is passed
from cell to cell during cell division.
▶ All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
▶ All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life
occurs within cells.
Cell Components
Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
▶ Structure
▶ Function
▶ Proteins are found embedded within the plasma
membrane, with some extending all the way through in
order to transport materials.
▶ Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the
outer lipid layer.
Cytoplasm
▶ Structure
▶ Function
Nucleus
▶ Structure
▶ Function
Constraints on Cell
Size
Some of the factors that limit the
size of cells are:
▶ Surface area to volume ratio
▶ Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
▶ Fragility of cell membrane
▶ Mechanical structures
Prokaryotic vs
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell

▶ Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms,

with the absence of nucleus and comprises of
capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleiod, ribosome, plasmids, pili and flagella.
▶ Bacteria, blue green algae and E.coli are few
examples of this category.
Eukaryotic Cell

▶ They are the cells with the presence of true

nucleus.
▶ Animals, plants and other organisms excluding
bacteria, blue green algae and E.coli have
been grouped into this category.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
▶ SIZE

▶ SINGLE / MULTI

▶ SHAPE

▶ COMPOSITION

▶ REPRODUCTION
MAIN Parts of a
Cell
NUCLEUS
▶ COMPONENTS:
➢ a. CHROMATIN
➢ b. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
*nuclear pores
➢ c. NUCLEOLUS
➢ d. NUCLEOPLASM
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
▶ make lipid, enzymes and protein foe insertion and
secretion the external environment
▶ destroys toxins, recycles wastes.

▶ Components:
➢ a. VESICLES
➢ b. VACUOLES
➢ c. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
➢ d. GOLGI BODY
MITOCHONDRIA
▶ Found in all types of eukaryotic cells
▶ Bound by membranes
– Outer membrane
– Intermembrane space
– Inner membrane has cristae
– Matrix
▶ *aerobic respiration
CHLOROPLASTS AND OTHER PLASTIDS
▶ double-membrane organelles that function in photosynthesis,
storage or pigmentation in plant and algal cells.
❑ Ribosome
❑ Centriole
❑ Lysosomes
 CYTOSKELETON
▶ system of interconnected protein filaments

▶ ELEMENTS:
➢ a. Microtubules
➢ b. Microfilaments
➢ c. Intermediate Filaments
➢ d. Motor Proteins
 CELL SURFACE SPECIALIZATION
▶ a. Cell Matrices
▶ b. Cell Junctions
▶ Types:
▶ Tight Junction
▶ Adhering Junction
▶ Gap Junction
▶ Plasmodesmata (Plants)
Plant Cells and Animal Cells
…both have

Part Function

Nucleus Contains genetic material, which controls

the activities of the cell
Cytoplasm Most chemical processes take place here,
controlled by enzymes
Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances into
and out of the cell
Mitochondria Most energy is released by respiration here

Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here

Unique Parts in Plant Cells

Part Function

Cell Wall Strengthens the cell

Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs

light energy for photosynthesis

Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the

cell turgid
Unique Parts in Animal Cells

Part Function

Cilia Microtubules that aid in cellular

locomotion.
Chloroplasts Cylindrical structures that organize the
assembly of microtubules during cell
division
Bioenergetics:
Photosynthesis and
Energy Flow
What is Energy?

▶ Energy is the power or capacity to do work. The

energy can be kinetic or potential.
▶ The cells, as the basic unit of life, of an organism
require energy to carry out functions required for
life.
 Forms of Energy
▶ KINETIC ENERGY ▶ OTHER FORMS of ENERGY
▶ Energy in Motion ▶ Thermal Energy
▶ POTENTIAL ENERGY ▶ Chemical Energy
▶ Stored Energy ▶ Mechanical Energy
▶ Light Energy
▶ Sound Energy
▶ Electrical Energy
▶ Gravitational Energy
❑ Thermodynamics
▶ The study of heat and other forms of energy.
▶ ENTROPY – measure of how much energy of a
system has become dispersed
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law [0 ]
th

▶ “If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal

equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.”
First Law [1 ]
st

▶ “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only

change forms. In any process, the total energy of the
universe remains the same. For a thermodynamic cycle the
net heat supplied to the system equals the net work done
by the system.”
Second Law [2 ]
nd

▶ “The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will

tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value
at equilibrium.”
Third Law [3 ]
rd

▶ “As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of

a system approaches a constant minimum.”
Types of Energy Reactions
▶ Exergonic Reaction
▶ A spontaneous chemical reaction that releases energy.
▶ Harvest Energy by breaking bonds or organic
compound.
▶ Endergonic Reaction
▶ An anabolic chemical reaction that consumes energy.
▶ Build compounds.
Chemical Bond Energy
Why Earth Does Not Go Up In
Flames?
SUNLIGHT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
LIGHT

▶ An electromagnetic radiation that moves

through space in waves
Properties of Light

▶ Speed
▶ Reflection
▶ Color
Pigments: The Rainbow Catchers
▶ PIGMENT is an organic molecule that selectively
captures light of specific wavelength
color Wavelength interval Frequency interval
Red ~ 700–635 nm ~ 430–480 THz

Orange ~ 635–590 nm ~ 480–510 THz

Yellow ~ 590–560 nm ~ 510–540 THz

Green ~ 560–520 nm ~ 540–580 THz

Cyan ~ 520–490 nm ~ 580–610 THz

Blue ~ 490–450 nm ~ 610–670 THz
Violet ~ 450–400 nm ~ 670–750 THz
Chrolophyll

▶ most common photosynthetic pigment in plants

and photosynthetic protists
▶ absorbs violet, red, orange and reflects it as
green
▶ sometimes called accessory pigment
Pigment Molecules

▶ an antenna like which specializes for receiving

light that absorbs an exact amount of photon to
boost electron
Excited Electron
Photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis?

▶ It converts the energy light into energy of

chemical bonds
Light-Dependent Reactions

▶ chlorophyll and other accessory pigment

absorbs light
Light-Independent Reactions

▶ carbon fixation (calvin-benson cycle)

END OF REPORT
Members:

▶ Abance, Joshue
▶ Caga, Homer
▶ Fesway, Christian
▶ Pediten, Decson
▶ Ticuan, Spencer