Devices, Circuits, and Applications: AC Voltage Controllers

POWER ELECTRONICS
Devices, Circuits, and Applications

FOURTH EDITION
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 11
AC Voltage
Controllers
Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, 4e Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Muhammad H. Rashid All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the
following:
List the types of ac voltage controllers.
Describe the operation of ac voltage controllers.
Describe the characteristics of ac voltage controllers.
List the performance parameters of ac voltage controllers.
Describe the operation of matrix converters.
Design and analyze ac voltage controllers.
Evaluate the performances of controlled rectifiers by using SPICE simulations.
Evaluate the effects of load inductance on the load current.
Symbols and Their Meanings
Symbols and Their Meanings (continued)
Figure 11.1 Input and output relationship of an ac voltage controller. (a) Block diagram, (b) Input supply, (c) Output voltage, and (d)
Input current.
Figure 11.2 Single-phase full-wave controller. (a) Circuit, (b) Input supply voltage, (c) Output voltage, (d) Gate pulse for T1, and (e)
Gate pulse for T2.
Equation 11.1 Single-phase Full-wave Controller
• If υs = √2Vssinωt is the input voltage, and

the delay angles of thyristors T1 and T2
are equal (α2 = π + α1), the rms output
voltage can be found from
• The rms value of load current is Io = Vo/R

= 84.85/10 = 8.485 A and the load power
is Po = Io2R = 8.4852 × 10 = 719.95 W.
Because the input current is the same as
the load current, the input PF is
• The average thyristor current
• The rms value of the thyristor current
Figure 11.3 Single-phase full-wave controller with common cathode.
Figure 11.4 Single-phase full-wave controller with one thyristor. (a) Circuit, (b) Input supply voltage, (c) Output current, and (d) Gate
pulse for T1.
Figure 11.5 Single-phase full-wave controller with RL load. (a) Circuit, (b) Input supply voltage, (c) Gate pulses for T1 and T2, (d)
Current through thyristor T1, (e) Continuous gate pulses for T1 and T2, and (f) Train of gate pulses for T1 and T2.
Equations 11.8 and 11.9 Single-phase Full-wave Controller with RL Load
• Substitution of A1 from Eq. (11.7) in Eq.

(11.6) yields
• The angle β, when current i1 falls to zero

and thyristor T1 is turned off, can be found
from the condition i1(ωt = β) = 0 in Eq.
(11.8) and is given by the relation
Equation 11.11 Single-phase Full-wave Controller with RL Load
• The rms output voltage
Figure 11.6 Typical waveforms of single-phase ac voltage controller with an RL load. (a) Input supply voltage and output current, (b)
Output voltage, and (c) Voltage across thyristor T1.
Equations 11.12 Typical Waveforms
• The rms thyristor current can be found

from Eq. (11.8) as
Equations 11.14 Typical Waveforms
• The average value of thyristor current can

also be found from Eq. (11.8) as
Equations 11.16 and 11.17 Typical Waveforms
• If α = θ, from Eq. (11.9)
• Because the conduction angle δ cannot

exceed π and the load current must pass
through zero, the delay angle α may not
be less than θ and the control range of
delay angle is
Figure 11.7 Three-phase bidirectional controller.
Three-phase Bidirectional Controller
• We define the instantaneous input phase

voltages as
Figure 11.8 Waveforms for three-phase bidirectional controller. (a) Input line voltages, (b) Input phase voltages, (c) Thyristor gate
pulses, and (d) Output phase voltage.
Equation 11.19 Waveforms for Three-phase Bidirectional Controller
• For 0 ≤ α < 60°:
Equations 11.20 Waveforms for Three-phase Bidirectional Controller
• For 60° ≤ α < 90°:
Equations 11.20 and 11.21 Waveforms for Three-phase Bidirectional Controller
• For 90° ≤ α ≤ 150°:
Figure 11.9 Arrangement for three-phase bidirectional tie control.
Figure 11.10 Delta-connected three-phase controller.
Delta-connected Three-phase Controller
• Let us assume that the instantaneous line-

to-line voltages are
Figure 11.11 Waveforms for delta-connected controller. (a) Input line voltages, (b) Thyristor gate pulses, (c) Output phase currents,
and (d) Output line currents.
Equations 11.22 and 11.23 Waveforms for Delta-connected Controller
• For resistive loads, the rms output phase

voltage can be determined from
• The maximum output voltage would be

obtained when α = 0, and the control
range of delay angle is
Equations 11.24 and 11.26 Waveforms for Delta-connected Controller
• The line currents, which can be

determined from the phase currents, are
• The rms line current becomes
Equation 11.27 Waveforms for Delta-connected Controller
• As a result, the rms value of line current

would not follow the normal relationship of
a three-phase system such that
Figure 11.12 Three-phase three-thyristor controller.
Figure 11.13 Single-phase transformer connection changer.
Single-phase Transformer Connection Changer
• The gating pulses of thyristors can be

controlled to vary the load voltage. The
rms value of load voltage Vo can be
varied within three possible ranges:
and
Figure 11.14 Waveforms for transformer connection changer. (a) Voltage for secondary 1, (b) Voltage for secondary 2, (c) Output
voltage for case 1, (d) Output voltage for case 2, and (d) Output voltage for case 3.
Equation 11.28 Waveforms for Transformer Connection Changer
• The rms load voltage that can be

determined from Eq. (11.1) load is
and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.
• The rms load voltage can be found from
and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.
• The rms load voltage can be found from
Figure 11.15 Voltage and current waveforms for RL load. (a) Output voltage and current, (b) Output voltage, and (c) Output current
and fundamental component.
Voltage and Current Waveforms for RL Load
• The load current would then be
where Z = [R2 + (ωL)2]1/2 and θ = tan−1

(ωL/R).
Figure 11.16 Single-phase/single-phase cycloconverter. (a) Circuit, (b) Equivalent circuit, (c) Input supply voltage, (d) Output voltage,
and (e) Conduction periods for P and N converters.
Equation 11.33 Single-phase/Single-phase Cycloconverter
• The average output voltage of the positive

converter is equal and opposite to that of
the negative converter.
• Vs = 120 V, fs = 60 Hz, fo = 20 Hz, R =

5Ω, L = 40 mH, αp = 2π/3, ω0 = 2π × 20
= 125.66 rad/s, and XL = ω0L = 5.027Ω.
 a. For 0 ≤ α ≤ π, Eq. (11.1) gives the rms
output voltage
• Vs = 120 V, fs = 60 Hz, fo = 20 Hz, R =

5Ω, L = 40 mH, αp = 2π/3, ω0 = 2π × 20
= 125.66 rad/s, and XL = ω0L = 5.027Ω.
 c. The rms input current is Is = I0 = 7.48 A,
the VA rating is VA = VsIs = 897.6 VA, and the
output power is Po = VoIo cos θ = 53 × 7.48 ×
cos 45.2° = 279.35 W. Using Eq. (11.1), the
input PF,
Figure 11.17 Cycloconverter with intergroup reactor.
Figure 11.18 Three-phase/single-phase cycloconverter. (a) Circuit, (b) Line voltages, (c) Output voltage, and (d) Conduction periods for
P and N converters.
Figure 11.19 Three-phase/three-phase cycloconverter.
Figure 11.20 Generation of thyristor gating signals. (a) Input supply voltage, (b) Reference voltage at output frequency, (c) Conduction
periods for P and N converters, (d) Thyristor gate pulses, and (e) Output voltage.
Equations 11.36 and 11.37 Reduction of Output Harmonics
• The maximum average voltage of a

segment (which occurs for αp = 0) should
be equal to the peak value of output
voltage; for example, from Eq. (10.1),
• which gives the rms value of output

voltage as
Equation 11.38 Reduction of Output Harmonics
• The rms input current Is = Io = 10.77 A,

the VA rating is VA = VsIs = 1292.4 VA,
and the output power is
The input PF is
Equation 11.39 Reduction of Output Harmonics
• If we compare Eq. (11.35) with Eq.

(11.38), there is a critical value of delay
angle αc, which is given by
Figure 11.21 Ac voltage controller for PWM control.
Figure 11.22 Output voltage and load current of ac voltage controller. (a) Output voltage and (b) Output current.
Figure 11.23 (a) Matrix (Φ−Φ) converter circuit with input filter and (b) Switching matrix symbol for converter.
Equation 11.40 Matrix Converter
• When connected, the voltages νan, νbn, νcn

at the output terminals are related to the
input voltages νAN, νBN, νCN as
where SAa through SCc are the switching

variables of the corresponding switches.
Equation 11.41 Matrix Converter
• For a balanced linear Υ-connected load at

the output terminals, the input phase
currents are related to the output phase
currents by
where the matrix of the switching

variables in Eq. (11.41) is a transpose of
the respective matrix in Eq. (11.40).
Figure 11.24 Single-phase full converter with RL load.
Equations 11.45 Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits
• for n = 2, 4,...=0
Equations 11.46 Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits
• for n = 2, 4,...=0
Equation 11.47 Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits
• Dividing υo(t) in Eq. (11.42) by load

impedance Z and simplifying the sine and
cosine terms give the load current as
Figure 11.25 Harmonic content as a function of the firing angle for a single-phase voltage controller with RL load.
Figure 11.26 Equivalent circuit for harmonic current.
Equivalent Circuit for Harmonic Current
• Figure 11.26 shows the equivalent circuit

for harmonic current. Using the current-
divider rule, the harmonic current through
load is given by
Figure 11.27 Ac thyristor SPICE model.
Figure 11.28 Single-phase ac voltage controller for PSpice simulation. (a) Circuit, (b) Gate pulse for thyristor T1, and (c) Gate pulse for
thyristor T2.
Figure 11.29 Plots for Example 11.10.
Plots for Example 11.10
• From Eq. (10.96), the input PF
Figure 11.30 Effects of load inductance on load current and voltage. (a) Input voltage, (b) Output voltage and current with load
inductance, (c) Output voltage and current without any load inductance.

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

• If υs = √2Vssinωt is the input voltage, and

• The rms value of load current is Io = Vo/R

• The average thyristor current

• The rms value of the thyristor current

• Substitution of A1 from Eq. (11.7) in Eq.

• The angle β, when current i1 falls to zero

• The rms output voltage

• The rms thyristor current can be found

• The average value of thyristor current can

• If α = θ, from Eq. (11.9)

• Because the conduction angle δ cannot

• We define the instantaneous input phase

• For 0 ≤ α < 60°:

• For 60° ≤ α < 90°:

• For 90° ≤ α ≤ 150°:

• Let us assume that the instantaneous line-

• For resistive loads, the rms output phase

• The maximum output voltage would be

• The line currents, which can be

• The rms line current becomes

• As a result, the rms value of line current

• The gating pulses of thyristors can be

• The rms load voltage that can be

and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.

• The rms load voltage can be found from

and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.

• The rms load voltage can be found from

• The load current would then be

where Z = [R2 + (ωL)2]1/2 and θ = tan−1

• The average output voltage of the positive

• Vs = 120 V, fs = 60 Hz, fo = 20 Hz, R =

• Vs = 120 V, fs = 60 Hz, fo = 20 Hz, R =

• The maximum average voltage of a

• which gives the rms value of output

• The rms input current Is = Io = 10.77 A,

• If we compare Eq. (11.35) with Eq.

• When connected, the voltages νan, νbn, νcn

where SAa through SCc are the switching

• For a balanced linear Υ-connected load at

where the matrix of the switching

• Dividing υo(t) in Eq. (11.42) by load

• Figure 11.26 shows the equivalent circuit

• From Eq. (10.96), the input PF

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