Inflammation

Definition

 Inflammation is defined as the

local response of living
mammalian tissues to injury
due to any agent.

 Body defense reaction –

eliminate or limit the spread of
injurious agent
 Cause of Inflammation
 Infective agents like bacteria, viruses and their toxins, fungi,
parasites.

 Immunological agents like cell-mediated and antigen antibody

reactions.

 Physical agents like heat, cold, radiation, mechanical trauma.

 Chemical agents like organic and inorganic poisons.

 Inert materials such as foreign bodies

 Signs of Inflammation
 Rubor (redness),
 Calor (increased heat),
 Tumor (swelling),
 Dolor (pain), and
 Functio laesa (loss of function).

 The first four signs were first established by Aulus Cornelius

Celsus in his work De Medicina (1st Century AD), and are
known by the name Celsus tetrad.
Signs of Inflammation
 Types of inflammation
 Mainly of 2 types i.e. acute and chronic

 Acute Inflammation
 short duration, represents the early body reaction- followed by
healing

 Chronic inflammation
 longer duration, causative agent of acute inflammation persists
for a long time

 Another variant, Chronic active inflammation: stimulus is

such that it induces chronic inflammation from the beginning
 Inflammation Event

 The main features of acute inflammation are:

– accumulation of fluid and plasma at the affected site;
– intravascular activation of platelets;
– polymorphonuclear neutrophils as inflammatory cells.

 Divided into following two events

– Vascular events
– Cellular events

 These is 2 events are followed from time to time release of

mediators of acute inflammation
 Inflammation Event

 Mediators are the substances that initiate and regulate

inflammatory reactions.

 These are: cell derived or plasma protein derived

 Vasoactive Amines: Histamine and Serotonin

 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (C5a)
 Prostaglandins, COX-1 & COX-2
 Thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
 Prostacyclin (PGI2)
 Leukotriene
 LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4
 Outcomes of inflammation

 Resolution - restoration to normal, limited injury

 Chemical substances neutralization
 Normalization of vascular permeability
 Apoptosis of inflammatory cells
 Lymphatic drainage
 Healing by scar
 Tissue destruction
 Fibrinous inflammation
 Purulent inflammation abscess formation (pus, pyogenic
membrane, weeks to months)
 Progression into chronic inflammation
 Examples of diseases associated
with acute inflammation

 Acute bronchitis
 Sore throat from a cold or flu
 Acute appendicitis
 Acute tonsillitis
 Acute infective meningitis
 Acute sinusitis
 Examples of diseases associated
with chronic inflammation

 Alzheimer’s Diseases

 Rheumatoid Arthritis

 Chronic peptic ulcer

 Asthma

 Gout
 Treatment of Inflammation

 NSAIDs
 The NSAIDs are a group of chemically dissimilar agents that
differ in their antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory
activities.
 They act primarily by inhibiting the cyclo oxygenase enzymes
that catalyze the first step in prostanoid biosynthesis.
 This leads to decreased prostaglandin synthesis with both
beneficial and unwanted effects.
 Additive therapy

Proteolytic enzymes
• Papain
• Ficain
• Bromelain
• Pepsin
• Trypsin / Chymotrypsin

 Diuretics

Icing
 Additive therapy

 Olives
 Avocados
 Fish
 Garlic
 Chocolate
 Bean
 Nuts
 Food to Avoid

 Processed meats

 Sugary drinks

 Processed snack foods, such as chips and crackers

 Desserts, such as cookies, candy, and ice cream

 Excess alcohol

 Food with interaction (NSAIDs)

Thank you