The copies produced from cloning

have identical genetic make-up and

are known as CLONES

Died at the age of 6 after cloning from a

matured DNA cell
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Cloned by
nuclear transfer
at Texas on Dec
22, 2001

Nuclei from cells of an

adult animal are inserted into
egg cells with nuclei
removed. The embryos that
result are then implanted into
the uterus of a surrogate
mother, where they develop
in a normal pregnancy.
Kini University/REUTERS
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Identical Calves
Two of eight calves cloned from cells obtained
from one adult cow stand in a field in Ishikawa, Japan.
The calves were cloned by researchers at Kinki
University in Nara, Japan. The results of the cloning
experiment were published in 1998.
 In 1996 a sheep named
Dolly was successfully cloned from
a cell of an adult female sheep. This
advance proved that adult cells
could provide the cloning potential
of embryonic cells, enabling
scientists to choose the mature
individual they want to duplicate.
Using cells from immature animals
makes it more difficult for
scientists to predict with certainty
the physical characteristics of the
resultant clone.
 Dolly's success is truly remarkable
because it proved that the genetic
material from a specialized adult
cell, could be reprogrammed to
generate an entire new organism.
 Genetic engineering
combined with cloning to
quickly and inexpensively
produce thousands of plants
& animals with a desired
characteristic.
CLONING is also used in the treatment
of diseases. GENETIC ENGINEERING

Genetic engineering enables scientists to produce clones

of cells or organisms that contain the same genes.
 With so many unknowns reasons
concerning reproductive cloning, the
attempt to clone humans at this time is
considered potentially dangerous and
ethically irresponsible.
In Vitro Fertilization
Surrogacy is an arrangement in which
a woman carries and delivers a child
for another couple or person. This
woman, the surrogate mother, may
be the child's genetic mother (called
traditional surrogacy), or she may be
biologically unrelated to the child
(called gestational surrogacy).
Abortion
is defined as the termination
of pregnancy by the removal
or expulsion from the uterus
of a fetus or embryo prior
to viability.
 An abortion can occur
spontaneously, in which case it is
usually called a miscarriage, or
it can be purposely induced. The
term abortion most commonly
refers to the induced abortion of
a human pregnancy.
 There are many ways to deal
with an unwanted pregnancy,
but they fall into just three basic
categories: prevent it, terminate
it, or follow through with it.