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• M 6.3 earthquake
• Shallow epicenter: 2-
3 miles
• Close to Christchurch,
city of 370,000
• After shock to the
September 4th M 7.1
What is the composition of
lava formed on oceanic crust?
High percentages Fe, Mg
Low percentages Si, O
DESCRIBE A CONVERGENT
PLATE BOUNDARY
What is the source of the lava
that forms oceanic crust?
the mantle or asthenosphere
What is the composition of
lava associated with
continental crust?
High percentages Si, O
Low percentages Fe, Mg
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Based on two hypotheses
– Continental Drift
– Seafloor spreading
Explain the development of the
theory of plate tectonics in
terms of the scientific method.
The
Observation of data or information
Scientific
Method
One or more ideas, statements or questions;
Single or multiple hypotheses
Collection of data
Not accepted Hypothesis
More Data
Theory
Continental drift hypothesis:
evidence?
• Proposed in 1911
• All evidence found on the continents
• Mechanism for moving the continents was
not known
Continental Drift Hypothesis
• Alfred Wegener
proposed the
hypothesis of
continental drift in
1911
• He gathered
information from many
different sources and
used it as evidence for
his hypothesis
Continental Drift Hypothesis
• Fit of the continents
• Fossil evidence
• Ancient mountain ranges
• Past climate evidence
3:20
Fit of Continents
• Antonio Snider-Pelligrini
(1858), a geographer cut
out a map of Africa and
South America
suggesting they were
connected at one time
• Other physical evidence
based on observation
was used by Wegener
Fossil Evidence
Swamps
300 million years ago
Evidence of
Ancient Glaciers
• Youngest at ridge
• Progressively older away from ridge
• Mirror image across the ridge
Seismicity
Bipolar:
acts like
a bar
magnet
Requirements for a magnetic
field
• An interior region of electrically conducting
fluid such as molten metal.
• Convection in that layer of fluid.
• At least moderately rapid rotation.
A compass has a different
declination depending on the
location on the Earth’s surface
Earth’s Magnetic Field
• Timescale of polar
reversals
• Possibly related to
flow in the outer
core
Paleomagnetic Evidence