DATA…..ANALYSIS….

REPORT

Mira K. Desai
Associate Professor
University Department of Extension Education
SNDT Women’s University
 Steps in RESEARCH
 Formulation of a problem (Assumptions and
Objectives)
 Review of Literature
 Decisions about Design/Method
 Sampling design (Size-Frame-Procedure)
 Data Collection (Tools-Techniques-Procedures-
Experiences)
 Data analysis
 Report writing
What is DATA?

Numbers
Information
Statistics

Figures Records
Facts
DATA is………….INFORMATION

 Plural of datum but often used a singular

 having quantitative and qualitative

attributes
 that has been organised and categorised for
a pre-determined purpose.
 Types of Data
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Collected by  Collected by someone
else but used by
researcher first researcher second hand
hand  Various sources/forms
 Demands efforts  Cheaper and quicker
and resources  Needs lesser resources
 Depends upon the  Have to ascertain
accuracy of
researcher’s ability content/time/sources/
and clarity of purpose/methods/
adequacy/ credibility
purpose
 Data Collection…steps

 Construction of tools for data collection

 Decision about techniques of data collection

 Testing the tool/technique by Pilot study or

Pre-testing of tool/technique
 Finalization of tool/technique

 Ascertaining reliability and validity of

tools/techniques to be used for data
collection
 Actual collection of data
Factors influencing decision about data
collection Tool/Technique/Method

 Scale and magnitude of the study

 Characteristics of the respondents

 Unit of inquiry and analysis

 Availability of resources:
Money, Time, Human, Technical, Compete
nce
 Field Conditions

 Subject under study

 Expected outcome
 Decisions about data collection
Method
 Settings: Natural – Contrived/Artificial
 Inquiry: Obstructive/Undisguised –
Unobstructive/Disguised
 Nature: Qualitative – Quantitative

 Structure:

Structured – Semi structured – Unstructured

 Questions: Open ended – Closed ended

 Administration: Human – Mechanical

 Analysis: Pre coded – Not coded

Data comes through….

Tools & Techniques

METHOD

Procedure
 Right Question…?!
United Nations conducted a Worldwide survey. The
question asked was:
"Would you please give your honest opinion
about solutions to the food shortage in the rest
of the world?"
The survey was a huge failure.
Africa didn't know what 'food' meant, India didn't
know what 'honest' meant, Europe didn't know what
'shortage' meant, China didn't know what 'opinion'
meant, the Middle East didn't know what 'solution'
meant, South America didn't know what 'please'
meant, And in the USA they didn't know what 'the rest
of the world' meant !!
 Good DATA depends upon…

 Clarity of purpose/objectives of the study

 Appropriateness of tool/technique

 Sharpness of the tool and abilities of

investigator/researcher in using the
techniques
 Cooperation/rapport with the respondents

 Decisions about utilization at analysis stage

Data Analysis…..Decisions
 Type: Qualitative and/or Quantitative
 Nature/Mode: Manual or Mechanical
 Type of Statistics: Descriptive- Inferential
 Type of Analysis: Univariate- Bivariate-
Multivarite- Scores
 Presentation: Textual- Tabular-Graphical
 Data Analysis…..Steps
 Making code book  Transcription of data
 Coding of data  Organizing data
 Creating code-sheets  Creating codes
 Data entry  Classifications
 Data Cleaning  Adding personal
 ANALYSIS observations
 Interpretation  Patterns and themes
 Presentation  New set of data
 Conclusion collection
 Generalizations
Data Analysis
DESCRIPTIVE Statistics
 Frequency and Percentages

 Dispersion: Averages, Range, Standard

Deviation,
 Associations: Correlations,
 INFERENTIAL Statistics
 Example
Do you have internet on your mobile? If yes, Do
you use internet on mobile? Is yes, how
frequently…..
ASSUMPTIONS:
Everyone has mobile- there may be internet too!!
OBJECTIVES:
To know how many people use internet on move.
DATA:
100 out of 200 people here have internet on their
mobile and 75 of them use it everyday.
 Example- Data Interpretation
n=200
150 people have mobiles.
100 of them has Internet on their mobile
75 of them use Internet through mobile everyday.
 75% of the people have mobile. (3 in 4 person)
 67% mobile owners have Internet on their mobile.
 37.5% of all the people use internet on mobile
everyday OR Half (every 2nd) of the mobile
owners use Internet on their mobile everyday.
 Research REPORTING Decisions

 Why did you undertake research? (Academic-

Industry)
 What is the purpose of research? (Degree/Pure-
Applied/solutions)
 Who is funding your work? (Funder expectations)
THANKS for TIME & PATIENCE…

drmiradesai@gmail.com
sndtmedia@hotmail.com