Job Safety Analysis

Or

Job Hazard
Analysis
For More Information See
 Job Safety Analysis
Focusing your Safety and Health Efforts

 This course will help you to

understand and conduct your own
Job Safety Analysis. The aim is to
help you identify and correct the most
serious safety issues facing your
particular situation.
 This course focuses on employee
safety and health, but the general
method may be applied to other loss
prevention efforts (environmental and
fire protection, liability, etc.)
 Job Safety Analysis
What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

 A JSA is a technique of screening job

tasks as a way to identify hazards
before they occur.
 It focuses on the relationship between
the worker, the task, the tools and the
work environment.
 After identifying hazards, you can take
steps to eliminate or reduce the hazard
to an acceptable level.
Hazard – a potential for harm
A hazard is associated with a condition or activity that,
if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness.
 Why conduct a
Job Safety Analysis
 To become aware of all the
hazards associated with each
position in your organization.
 To prevent work related deaths,
injuries, or illness by eliminating
or controlling hazards identified.
 To ensure all employees have
the proper job procedures to
ensure their safety.
 To ensure all employees have
the training, equipment, and
supplies to do their jobs safely
 Hazard Awareness

 When conducting a Job Safety Analysis you'll

need to take a fresh look at the way things are
done at your work place.
Just because "We've been doing it this way for 20
years," doesn't mean that a hazard doesn't exist.

 Accepting a risk or hazard is not the same as

eliminating or controlling it.
 You'll need to take a comprehensive look at all
possible hazards with an open mind. (We'll
suggest a way to rank the hazards later.)
How do I Conduct a JSA?

 Involve your employees in the JSA process.

 Identify the job or task to be analyzed.
 Break the job or task into key components.
 Identify the hazards found in each key
component.
Use accident history of injuries and “near misses”.
 Identify ways to eliminate or control these
hazards.
 Act to eliminate the hazard or implement the
controls.
 Record the hazards identified and the steps
taken to eliminate or control them.
 Periodically assess controls to ensure they are
working correctly.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Identifying the Job for Analysis

 Any job or task that meets any of

the following conditions should
have a JSA conducted for it.
Tasks with a history of injuries, or near
misses.
Catastrophic potential: fire, explosion,
chemical release, toxic atmospheres, oxygen
deficient atmospheres.
Tasks done in new environments
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Identifying the Job for Analysis

In addition, any job or task that meets any

of the following conditions should also
have a JSA conducted for it:
New people doing the task.
Tasks that have changed.
Rarely performed jobs.
Any task done under a safety "Work
permit" condition (e.g. permit required
confined space, hot work permits, Lock
Out/Tag Out).
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Identifying Jobs for a JSA

 Look at jobs injuring workers using

existing information found in:
Your accident or incident reports
Workers' compensation claims
Conduct walk through observations to
identify hazardous jobs or tasks.
Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis
Existing Information Sources

 Incident or accident reports will direct

you to the jobs that have injured
workers in the past.
Don’t forget “near misses”.
 Workers' compensation claims will
show you jobs that have caused an
injury.
Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis
Walk-through Observations

 Observe workers doing their jobs to

identify potential hazards that may lead
to an injury, pay attention to the
amount of time the worker is exposed
to a particular hazard.
 Talk with workers to find out what they
think is the most hazardous part of
their job, ask them if what you
observed them doing is typical.
Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis
Hazard Sources - Walk-through Observations
Hazards Source List
Fall Hazards: Are workers working at heights?

Confined Space Do workers have to enter a confined space?

Entry:
Excavations, Holes or Can workers fall into or through?
Floor Openings:
Moving Equipment: Is there machinery, forklifts, etc. in the area?

Pinch points: Do moving parts in machinery create pinch points?

Can workers get caught in machinery or belts &
pulleys, chains & sprockets, etc?
Chemicals: Do workers use solvents, acids, bases,
pesticides, consumer products, etc.?
Crushing hazards: Can workers get crushed (under or between)
objects?

Dusts: Does the process create or are workers exposed to

dusts (wood dust, grinding dusts, etc.)?
Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis
Hazard Sources - Walk-through Observations

Hazards Source List –con’t

Electrical Hazards:
Lighting Levels:
Stored Energy Hazards
(Electrical, mechanical,
pressure):
Falling or dropping
objects:
Motor vehicles or
traffic:
Sharp objects:
Slip, trip or fall hazards:
Physical layout of work
place:
Ladder or Scaffold use:
What is the condition of your extension cords,
wiring, service panels, etc.?
Is there enough light to do the work?
Can stored energy be released by the work?
(Lock-out/Tag-out)
Are people working overhead?
Do workers have to drive or work in traffic as
part of the job?
Do workers use knives, razors, etc.?
What is the condition of the walking/ working
surfaces, housekeeping, etc.?
Does the layout or process flow create a
hazard?
Are ladders or scaffolds used in the work?
Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis
Hazard Sources - Walk-through Observations
Hazards Source List –con’t
Weather: Can the weather create hazards?

Fire/Explosion: Is there a potential for a fire or explosion?

Access and Egress: Can workers safely get to their work areas?
Can they safely evacuate in the case of an
emergency?
Process Flow: Does the flow of product through the process
create a hazard?
Location of co-workers Does the work pose a hazard to them, or does
or other workers in the their work pose a hazard to the job being
area: analyzed?
Human factor issues: Is the training adequate? Are the workers
fatigued? How fit are the workers, etc.?
Material Moving or Do workers have to lift or carry heavy objects?
Handling:
Repetitive Motion : Does the job require repetitive motion (typing,
etc.)?
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Involving Workers and Managers
in the JSA
 Once you have identified jobs needing a
JSA, then its time to start conducting the
JSA's.
 Involving employees and area
managers in the JSA process
allows them to bring their
insights on the job to the
process.
They can help to identify hazards and
they will have ownership of the JSA and
may more readily accept the findings and
hazard controls selected.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis

 Once the job is identified, you must

break it into key components or sub-
tasks and then identify and list all the
hazards associated with each subtask.
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could a problem happen?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

 The following screens will help you

break down a job, and identify and rank
hazards.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Break Identified Job into KEY Components

 Too much detail makes the Job Safety Analysis

cumbersome.
 Too Much Detail
Get ladder from storage.
Get new light bulb from storage.
Carry ladder and light bulb to light needing changing.
Place ladder under light to be changed.
Ensure light switch is in the off position.
Climb ladder.
Remove light cover.
Twist light bulb in a counter clock-wise direction until it is free of the socket.
Remove old light bulb.
Remove new light bulb from package.
Insert new light bulb into socket.
Turn in a clock-wise direction until tightened.
Replace Cover.
Descend ladder.
Place old light bulb in trash.
Carry ladder back to storage.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Break Identified Job into KEY Components

 Too little detail may omit hazards.

 Too Little Detail
Get a ladder and new light bulb.
Change bulb.
Put ladder away and
throw out old light bulb.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Break Identified Job into KEY Components

 The correct amount of detail breaks the job into

components that make sense in terms of the
overall job.
 Right Amount of Detail
Get ladder and new light bulb.
Place ladder under light to be changed.
Use ladder, change bulb.
Put tools and supplies away.
 When evaluating a task, such as "changing a
light bulb" remember that you do not want too
much detail, or too little detail, keep your focus
on obtaining the right amount of detail.
 Generally limit the number of components to
10 or less.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Questions to Ask about each Sub-task

 This following list of questions is intended to help

focus your effort at identifying and controlling
hazards.
 While the list is comprehensive, it is not complete,
and you'll need to think about the sub-tasks and the
particular hazards they present.
 Questions to ask …
Does the layout of the location or process create
hazards, (e.g. pedestrian/fork-lift traffic)?
Is there adequate access and egress to and from the
work area?
Are workers exposed to temperature extremes?
Is the lighting adequate?
Is the work done outdoors? Can the weather create a
hazard?
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Questions to Ask about each Sub-task –Con’t

Does the task require entering a confined space?

Is the work done at heights (from a ladder, roof top,
etc.)?
Do the tools or equipment create a hazard?
Is there excessive noise or vibration?
Can any part of the worker's body or clothing be
caught in the equipment?
Is the tool or equipment appropriate for the task
(strength, size, power, etc.)?
Are chemicals used?
Does the worker come into direct contact with the
chemicals?
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Questions to Ask about each Sub-task –Con’t

Are the chemicals released into the air (gas, mists,

vapors, etc.)?
Are workers exposed to electrical hazards?
Are there excavations, holes, or floor openings in
the work area?
Are the workers exposed to stored energy hazards
such as; line pressure, electricity, steam, or falling
objects?
Does the process start and stop automatically?
Are robotics used in the process?
Can human factor issues (training, fitness, fatigue,
etc.) create a hazard?
Is there risk of injury from material handling such
as lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling)?
Is there risk of repetitive motion injury?
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Ranking Hazardous Tasks

 Once you've identified the jobs that

have the potential to or are in fact
injuring workers, you'll need to rank
these tasks and start addressing the
most serious first.
 One method for ranking tasks
considers the probability of the hazard
causing injury, along with an estimate
of the severity of the resulting injury.
These are not necessarily precise predictions of
when and how severe an injury may be, they are
an estimate of the outcome and the likelihood of
the injury occurring.
The next three slides presents this method for
ranking hazardous tasks.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks
 Consider the severity of an injury if
something were to go wrong while doing
a task.
 Look at the four categories under
"Severity“.

Severity
4 – Catastrophic, may cause death
3 – Critical, may cause serious injury or illness
2 – Marginal, may cause minor injury or illness
1 – Negligible, will not cause injury or illness
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

 Next think about how often the worker

is exposed to the hazard using the
categories found in the "Probability"
table.

Probability
5 – Frequently, likely to occur frequently
4 – Probable, will occur several times
3 – Occasional, likely to occur
2 – Remote, unlikely but possible
1 – Improbable, so unlikely it can be assumed that it will not
occur
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

 Multiply the "Severity" rank by the

"Probability" rank.
 Organize the hazardous tasks by their
score from highest to lowest, address
the highest scored tasks first.
 This method can help you decide which
is more important, an infrequent job
that has the potential to kill a worker, or
a frequent job that is injuring workers.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
JSA Sample Form
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Eliminating or Controlling Hazards
 Now that you've identified the job and
evaluated its sub-tasks and their
hazards, you need to identify ways to
eliminate or control these hazards.
 The best method to protect workers is to eliminate the
hazard at the source. “Transfer the Risk”
 If elimination is not possible, control the hazard at its
source with engineering controls or limit exposures
using administrative controls.
 If engineering or administrative controls are not
enough to reduce the exposure to an acceptable level,
personal protective equipment must be used.
 Personal protective equipment is also used while
engineering controls are being installed.
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Eliminating Hazards

 Totally eliminate the hazard or process – mostly

unrealistic
 Engineering Controls - changing the process or
re-engineering to eliminate or minimize the
hazards.
The most effective control measure
The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can
be circumvented, the better
Isolate the hazard – enclose a hazardous machine
Substitution - substituting a toxic chemical with one
having a lower toxicity
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis
Eliminating Hazards

 Administrative Controls –
Tighten up procedures and safe work practices
including use of hazardous materials
Alarms, signs and warnings
Training
Exposure limitations – time limits on hazardous
duties
Buddy system

 Personal Protective Equipment – is acceptable as

temporary control method
Respirators
Hearing protection
Eye protection
Hardhats
Protective clothing including shoes
Controlling Hazards
Summary

 If the hazard can not be eliminated,

steps must be taken to control the
worker's exposure to it through:
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Combinations of Controls
 Combinations of Controls may need to be used if
the hazard can't be completely controlled by
engineering controls alone.