August Xavier Comte

• French philosopher that

dubbed as “the first
philosopher of science”

• “Father of Sociology”
 Society
• Came from the French word “societas”
which means companionship.

• It is a highly structured system of human

organization that also follows common
laws, traditions, values and customs.
  Structural Functionalism

• It is a sociological theory stating that the society is a

framework that sees society as a complex system of
puzzle pieces and those pieces work together to promote
solidarity and stability.

• It is why schools, government, hospitals and church have

their own function to perform in society
  Conflict Theory

• It is a sociological theory stated by Karl Marx

that the society is in a state of perpetual conflict
because of competition for limited resources. It
also holds that social order is maintained by
domination and power.
 The Conflict Theory Model
Social Structures Produces
patterns of inequality in the
distribution of scarce resources

CONFLICT

REORGANIZATION
AND CHANGE
 Culture

• It is defined as the norm and social behavior found and

practiced in human societies.

• It is the complex whole which encompasses beliefs,

practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge and roles that a person learns and
shares as a member of the society.
 Culture
• It refers to an organization of phenomena that is
dependent upon symbols and includes acts (patterns of
behavior), objects (material things), ideas (belief and
knowledge), and sentiments (attitudes and values)
  Aspects of Culture

• Culture being a complex set of

patterned social interactions is learned
and transmitted through socialization
or enculturation.
Enculturation

• It is the process a person adopts the cultural

patterns he or she lives in.

• It also teaches the person what is accepted

within that society and lifestyle.
  Aspects of Culture

• Most people adopt the complexities of

culture from the environment they are
in because cultural behavior and
actions can only be learned through
observation, experience and education
  Aspects of Culture

• Culture also requires language and

other forms of communications.
  Aspects of Culture

• Language is a key factor in the success

of the human race in creating and
preserving culture. Without language,
the ability to convey traditions/beliefs
or ideas is impossible to be done..
  Elements of Culture

• Norms
–it is a society’s standards of acceptable
behavior. It is essential in a society because
majority of the people pattern their way of
living after them.
  Elements of Culture

• Folkways –norms that are known to

be the proper way of dealing with their
everyday living and social interaction.
• Mores – these are customs or folkways
that needs to be followed by the society
strictly.
• Laws –formalized mores that are
legislated, approved and implemented in
a society.
• Beliefs –This are the means of the people
on explaining the sense of their
experiences or ideas that they hold to be
true, factual and real.
  Elements of Culture

• Symbols – these are representations or

illustrations to represent a particular
belief or meaning of something. People
who share or practice the same belief
or culture attach a specific meaning to
an object, gesture and image.
  Elements of Culture

• Symbols – these are representations or

illustrations to represent a particular
belief or meaning of something. People
who share or practice the same belief
or culture attach a specific meaning to
an object, gesture and image.
 Social Behavior and Phenomena

Social behavior and phenomena are broad and

complicated sociological concepts. These involve
every event between at least two individuals and
include all knowledge and experiences a person
acquires in the entirety of his or her lifetime.
 Social phenomena
are the individual, external, and
social constructions that influence a
person’s life and development.
The table below shows some examples of social behavior and
phenomena.