General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: An Integrated Approach

Chapter 7 Lecture
General, Organic, and Biological

Chemistry: An Integrated Approach
Laura Frost, Todd Deal and Karen Timberlake
by Richard Triplett
Chapter 7
Solution Chemistry:
How Sweet Is Your Tea?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Outline
7.1 Solutions Are Mixtures

7.2 Formation of Solutions
7.3 Chemical Equations for Solution Formation
7.4 Concentrations
7.5 Dilution
7.6 Osmosis and Diffusion
7.7 Transport Across Cell Membranes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 2

• A homogeneous mixture, such as a glass of tea,

is called a solution.
• Solutions consists of at least one substance,

called a solute, evenly dispersed throughout a
second substance, called the solvent.
• Components of a solution do not react with one

another.

7.1 Solutions Are Mixtures, Continued
• Solute is the substance present in the smallest

amount.
• Solvent is the substance present in the greatest

amount.
• When sugar is added to a glass of iced tea,

sugar is the solute and water is the solvent.
• Sugar, once dissolved in a glass of iced tea, will

not come out of solution over time.
Properties of solutions are as follows:

Phases of Solutes and Solvents
• In addition to a solution made by adding a solid

to a liquid, a gas can be a solution also.
• For example, the air we breath is a solution in

which nitrogen is the solvent and oxygen and
other gases are the solute.
• Metals, like brass, can be a solution of solids in

solids.
• Brass is an alloy of the solute zinc in the solvent

copper.
• The solute and solvent can either be a solid,

liquid, or gas in a solution.
• Aqueous solutions are solutions in which water

is the solvent.


Colloids and Suspensions
• Some solutions appear to be solutions, but are

not because they are not a transparent liquid.
• Colloids are solutions of undissolved particles

that do not separate over time. Milk is a colloid
(or colloidal mixture) because it contains
proteins and fats that do not dissolve.
• Particles in a colloid must be between 1 and

1000 nanometers in diameter.
• Particles greater than 1000 nanometers in

diameter will separate from a mixture when
standing. These mixtures are considered
suspensions.
• Blood is considered a suspension. Blood cells

will settle in a tube upon standing because they
are greater than 1 micrometer in diameter.
• Blood cells can be separated by centrifugation,

a spinning process that accelerates settling.

• Recall the golden rule of solubility, like dissolves

like, which explains why some compounds dissolve
in water and others do not.
• The dissolving process requires that individual
solvent particles surround the solute molecules and
interact through intermolecular forces or ion–dipole
attractions.
• Dissolving is a physical process, not a chemical
process because the particles are just redistributing
themselves.
• The process of dissolving is referred to as solvation
for all solutions, and more specifically, as hydration
in the case of an aqueous solution.
7.2 Formation of Solutions, Continued
Factors Affecting Solubility and Saturated

Solutions
• The maximum amount of a solute that can

dissolve in a specified amount of solvent defines
the solubility. Solubility depends on the polarity
of the solute and solvent, and the temperature of
the solvent.

• An unsaturated solution does not contain the

maximum amount of solute in a given amount of
solvent.
• A saturated solution contains all the solute that

can dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
• If more solute is added to a saturated solution,

the additional solute will remain undissolved.
This solution reaches an equilibrium state
between the dissolved and undissolved solute.

• At equilibrium, the rate of dissolving solute is the

same as the rate of dissolved solute reforming
crystals.
• The equilibrium rates can be represented by the

following chemical equation:


• There are conditions in our body that result in

the build up of undissolved solids in bodily fluids.
• Gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in soft

tissues, or in cartilage and tendons. Kidney
stones form when compounds like calcium
phosphate or calcium oxalate build up in the
urinary tract, kidneys, urethra, or bladder.


Solubility and Temperature
• Most solids dissolve in water when the

temperature increases.
• Solubility can manipulated by changing the

temperature of a solution.
• As temperature increases in a solution

containing a gas, solubility of the gas decreases.

• For example, if an unopened soda can is left in a

car on a hot day, the container can explode due
to the release of carbon dioxide in solution as a
result of the elevated temperature.
• Solubility of a gas in a solution is related to

pressure and temperature.
• Solubility of a gas dissolved in water decreases

with a rise in temperature.

Solubility and Pressure—Henry’s Law
• Pressure affects the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
• Henry’s law states that the solubility of a gas in

a liquid is directly related to the pressure of the
gas over the liquid. That is, the amount of gas
that can dissolve in a liquid increases as the
pressure of the gas in the space above the liquid
increases.

• An example of Henry’s law is demonstrated

when a can of soda is opened at room
temperature and poured into a glass. The
dissolved carbon dioxide will fizz and escape
from the liquid.
• The hissing sound made when a soda is opened

is a result of the space above the beverage in
the container, which is filled with carbon dioxide
at a higher pressure than the surrounding
atmosphere. The gas then escapes quickly once
the seal is broken.
The amount of carbon dioxide that was

dissolved in the drink at a higher pressure will
not stay dissolved once the drink is opened at a
lower pressure.

• Another example of Henry’s law can be seen

when studying how the lungs remove carbon
dioxide from blood, but add oxygen.
• The pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the

blood delivered back to the lungs than the
pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs.
Therefore, this gas will pass out of the
bloodstream into the lungs where it can be
expired.

Oxygen dissolves into the blood at the lungs

because the pressure of oxygen in the air is
higher, allowing it to dissolve into the
bloodstream.

7.3 Chemical Equations for Solution Formation
• Pure water does not conduct electricity, but tap
water will. Why is this?
• Tap water contains dissolved ions, and these

ions conduct electricity.
• Solutes that produce ions in solution are called

electrolytes.
• Ionic compounds, like NaCl, that completely

dissociate when they dissolve in water are
considered strong electrolytes.
7.3 Chemical Equations for Solution
Formation, Continued
• Covalent compounds, like sugar, do not ionize in
solution when they dissolve, so no ions are
formed. Instead they exist as molecules.
• Soluble covalent compounds do not conduct

electricity and are referred to as
nonelectrolytes.
• Some covalent compounds will partially ionize in

water. These compounds are termed weak
electrolytes and are weak conductors of
electricity.

• In a chemical equation, the reactants always
appear on the left side, and the products always
appear on the right side. They are separated by
an arrow which means react to form or yield.
• A general chemical equation is shown as:

Strong Electrolytes
• An ionic compound like magnesium chloride will

yield magnesium ions and chloride ions when
dissolved in water. This is shown in a chemical
equation as:
• Note that the number of magnesium and

chloride ions formed in the products is the same
as the number of each found in the reactant.
• The number of ions in the product is the same
as the number of each found in the reactant.
• The law of conservation of mass states that

matter is neither created nor destroyed. Matter
merely changes form. Atoms cannot appear or
disappear.
• After writing a reaction, it is important to inspect

it to make sure that the number of each element
is the same on the product and reactant side of
the equation.
• When the number of elements are the same on
the reactant and product side of the equation,
we say the equation is balanced.
• Subscripts that appear in formulas for

compounds and the full-size numbers in front of
particles indicate the total number of a particle
present. These full-size numbers are referred to
as coefficients.
• Balancing requires that the charge be the same

on both sides of the chemical equation.
• In the above equation, the 2 in front of the

chloride ion indicates that there are two chloride
ions produced for every one MgCl2 that
dissociates.
• The MgCl2 has no net charge, and one Mg2+ and

two Cl- sum to a total charge of zero, so the
charges are balanced.
• Note that the arrow points in one direction,

implying that the process is irreversible.
• The phases of matter are indicated. The

reactants will usually be a solid that dissolves,
and the products will be aqueous.
• The H2O appearing below the arrow indicates

this process occurs in water.
Nonelectrolytes
• Nonelectrolytes are polar compounds that

dissolve in water, but do not ionize in water.
• Covalent compounds like glucose do not

dissociate.
• The phase of the product is changed to aqueous

in this type of representation.
Weak Electrolytes
• The organic functional group that partially

ionizes in solution is the carboxylic acid.
• This functional group has an ionic form known

as the carboxylate group.
• Carboxylic acids are weak electrolytes.

• Partial ionization of acetic acid is shown as:
• The carboxylic acid group contains a very polar

O–H bond that can dissociate to form the
carboxylate ions and H+ ions when dissolved.
• The rates of the forward and reverse reactions

equalize until the amount of acetic acid and the
ions no longer changes.
• In the equation of the dissociation of acetic acid,
the number of atoms and the total charge on
each side is balanced.
• The phase of the weak electrolyte before

hydration may be liquid, gas, or solid.
• The steps for writing and balancing equations for

both ionic and covalent compounds are shown
on the next slide.


Ionic Solutions and Equivalents
• Blood and other bodily fluids contain many

different electrolytes, like Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-,
as dissolved ions.
• The amount of dissolved ion can be expressed by

the equivalent (Eq).
• An equivalent relates the charge in a solution to

the number of ions or moles of ions present.
The number of equivalents present per mole of

an ion equals the charge of that ion.
7.4 Concentrations
• The concentration of a solution can be

expressed in different units.
• Concentration is defined as the amount of

solute dissolved in a given amount of solution.
• The denominator is the total amount of solution,

which includes the amount of solute.
7.4 Concentrations, Continued
The units of concentration vary depending on

the type of solute. This table shows the normal
concentration ranges of some substances tested
in blood along with readable units.

Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L)
• Electrolytes in bodily fluids are represented by

the concentration unit of milliequivalents per
liter of solution.
1000 mEq = 1 Eq
• Ionic solutions have a balance in the number of

positive and negative charges present because
the dissolving ionic compounds have no net
charge.
Blood plasma has a total

electrolyte concentration of
150 mEq/L, meaning that the
total concentrations of
positive and negative ions is
150 mEq/L.

Concentrations of other ionic solutions used as

intravenous fluids are shown in this table.

Millimoles per Liter (mmol/L) and Molarity (M)
• Units of electrolytes are sometimes given in

mmoles/L instead of mEq/L.
• The charge on an ion is the number of

equivalents present in 1 mole.
• An ion like Na+ has a 1+ charge, so the number

of equivalents is equal to the number of moles,
and the units mmole/L and mEq/l are identical.
• We can show this equivalency mathematically

by converting mEq/L to mmole/L using the
following conversion factor:
• Using this conversion factor, we can determine

the concentration of a 135 mEq/L Na+ solution in
mmole/L.

• A unit related to mmole/L is used in the

laboratory to describe the concentrations of
solutions. This unit is molarity, M, which is the
number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.
• The mole is related to the number of molecules

present by Avogadro’s number.

• For example, a 3.0 M solution of substance A

will have the same number of molecules as a
3.0 M solution of substance B, even though the
masses of A and B are different.
• Molarity is used so chemists can determine how

many particles of a solute are available to react
in a chemical reaction.
• A 3.0 M solution of A will have 3.0 moles A per L

of solution.
Percent (%)
Three common units that use percent are:

1. Mass/volume percent
2. Mass/mass percent
3. Volume/volume percent

Math Matters: Percent (%)
• A fraction can be converted to a percent by

dividing the numerator by the denominator,
multiplying by 100, and adding a percent sign.
• A decimal number can be converted to a percent

by multiplying by 100 and adding a percent sign.

Percent Mass/Mass, % (m/m)
• When using % m/m in expressing concentration,

it is important to realize that the mass of
solute + mass of solvent = mass of solution.
• Therefore, in the preparation of these solutions,

the mass of both the solute and the solvent must
be determined on a balance.

• This concentration unit can be determined by:
• The unit % (m/m) is often referred to as percent

weight/weight (% wt/wt).

If 8.0 g of glucose is mixed with 42.0 g of water,

the total mass of the solution is 50.0 g (8.0 g +
42.0 g). The concentration of the resulting
solution would be solved as follows:

Percent Volume/Volume, % (v/v)
• This unit is typically used when liquids or gases

are the solute.
• For example, a bottle of wine that is 14% (v/v)

alcohol means that 14 mL of alcohol is present
in 100 mL of the wine.

This concentration unit can be determined by:

Percent Mass/Volume, % (m/v)
• This concentration unit is often used in the

preparation of intravenous fluids. Also known as
percent weight/volume (% w/v).
• For example, a solution of normal saline is 0.9%

(m/v), which means the solution contains 0.90 g
of NaCl in 100 mL of solution.

This concentration unit can be determined by:

Relationship to Other Common Units
• The unit for measuring hemoglobin (oxygen

carrying protein) in blood is g/dL, which is the
same as % (m/v). A dL is the same as 100 mL.
• A common unit for measuring molecules, like

glucose and cholesterol, in blood is mg/dL,
which is the same as mg% (milligram percent).

Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion

(ppb)
• Parts per million and parts per billion are

concentration units for very dilute solutions.
• How small is a part per million? There are a

million pennies in $10,000, so one penny is a
ppm of $10,000. Or five drops of food coloring in
a bathtub of water is about one part per million.

• How small is a part per billion? One drop of food

coloring in an Olympic size swimming pool is
about one part per billion.
• Fluoride is added to water at 4 ppm to promote

strong teeth, which means 4 g of fluoride are in
every million mL of tap water.
• The maximum contaminant level of lead in water

is 15 ppb, which means 15 g of lead are in every
billion mL of tap water.
• The unit of ppm is referred to as 1 mg/L and ppb

is referred to as 1 μg/L.
• Multiplying a solution, given in g solute/mL

solution, by one million will provide a
concentration in ppm. Similarly, multiplying by
one billion will provide a concentration in ppb.


7.5 Dilution
• To prepare a solution of low concentration, you

can dilute a solution of higher concentration.
• For example, if you add water to a can of

concentrated orange juice, the amount of orange
juice does not change even though you have
more solution present.
• The amount of solute stayed the same, but the

volume increased, so the concentration of the
solution decreased.
7.5 Dilution, Continued
• Mathematically, a dilution equation can be

expressed as seen in the following equation:
• Cinitial is the initial concentration, Cfinal is the final

concentration, Vinitial is the initial volume, and
Vfinal is the final volume. If any three of the four
are known, then the fourth can be determined.

For example, if 150 mL of 0.90% saline is diluted

to a final volume of 450 mL with water, what
would the concentration of the final diluted
concentration be?

• The dilution equation works for any

concentration unit where the amount of solution
is expressed in volume units.
• This equation will not work with % m/m.
• Dilution of pharmaceuticals are often prepared

using this dilution equation.

Osmosis
• Aqueous solutions are found inside and outside

cells. The concentration of these solutions is
highly controlled by the cells.
• These solutions are separated by a

semipermeable membrane called the cell
membrane.
• A semipermeable membrane allows some

molecules to pass through the barrier.
7.6 Osmosis and Diffusion, Continued
• These solutions are considered to be isotonic

solutions, meaning that the concentrations of
solutes in the solutions is the same on both
sides of the membrane.
• Let’s examine why there is a limit to the amount

of water a person can drink. A person can drink
too much water, and it is recommended that a
person drink between eight to twelve 8-ounce
glasses of water a day.

• Individuals engaging in vigorous exercise and

infants whose formula is overly diluted can drink
too much water.
• The concentration of dissolved solutes in tap

water or dilute formula is lower than the
concentration of dissolved solutes in the body’s
internal solution, so drinking large amounts of
tap water will dilute the blood.

• When the blood is diluted, the concentration of

solutes in the blood goes down. This causes an
imbalance in the concentration of solutes inside
and outside the cells.
• The concentration of solutes outside the cell is

low, while the concentration inside the cell is
high.
• When this happens, the solution outside the

cells is said to be a hypotonic solution.
• When the concentrations outside and inside the

cell are different, water will travel across the cell
membrane in an attempt to equalize the
concentrations.
• The passage of water across the cell membrane

is known as osmosis.
• When an individual drinks too much water,

hyponatremia (low sodium concentration) can
occur from the bloodstream becoming dilute.
• If too much water enters the cell in an attempt to

equalize solute concentrations, the cells will
swell up and could burst. This bursting of cells is
known as lysing.
• When water enters the cell through osmosis, the

water molecules exert a certain amount of
pressure on the membrane known as osmotic
pressure.

If the solute concentration is more concentrated on

one side of a cell membrane, water molecules will
cross the membrane in an attempt to equalize the
concentrations on either side, and, as a result, the
higher the osmotic pressure.

• Why does someone not want to drink salt water

to quench their thirst?
• Concentration of dissolved salts in salt water are

higher (about three times higher) than the
concentration of dissolved solutes inside the cell.
• When salt water is consumed, it draws water out

of the cells through osmosis to equalize the
concentrations. This dehydrates cells.

• If salt water is consumed, the concentration of

solutes outside the cells is higher than those
inside the cell.
• The solution outside the cells is said to be a

hypertonic solution. During dehydration, the
cells shrivel in a process known as crenation.


• Consider the following illustration.
• Net flow of water is from the lower concentration

solution to the higher concentration of solution in
order to equalize the concentrations.
• Because cell membranes are semipermeable,

osmosis is an ongoing process. This process is
used to maintain the concentrations of solutes at
about the same level inside and outside the cells.
• Solutions delivered into patients’ bloodstreams are
isotonic, which minimizes osmosis.
• Physiological solutions exert the same osmotic
pressure as the cells and are isotonic.
• Common physiological solutions are 0.90% (m/v)
NaCl, more commonly known as normal saline,
and 5% (m/v) D-glucose (dextrose) referred to as
D5W (5% dextrose in water).

Diffusion and Dialysis
• Diffusion occurs when there is a net movement

of molecules from the area of high concentration
to the area of low concentration.

• Diffusion is illustrated below.
• Here, a drop of green food coloring is added to a

beaker of water. Over time, the green dye
molecules will diffuse throughout the water, and
the resulting solution will have a uniform green
color.
Kidney Dialysis
• One place where diffusion occurs is in the

kidneys.
• Kidneys act to remove water molecules out of

blood through diffusion across the membranes
in the kidneys.
• Larger molecules, like proteins, are too large to

pass the membrane and get reabsorbed in the
blood.
• Smaller molecules like urea diffuse out of the

blood and move into urine in a process known
as dialysis.
• If the kidneys cannot remove waste products like

urea, increased levels of the waste products
increase in the bloodstream and can become
life-threatening.
• A person whose kidneys have failed can

undergo artificial dialysis called hemodialysis.
• During hemodialysis, blood is removed from the

patient and passes through one side of a
semipermeable membrane in contact on the
opposite side with a dialyzing solution that is
isotonic with normal blood solute concentrations.
• Waste products in the blood will then diffuse out

of the passing blood and into the dialyzing
solution, and the dialyzed blood returns to the
patient.


• How do polar molecules, like glucose, and ions,

like sodium ions, move across cell membranes?
• Recall that the cell membrane’s main structural

components are the phospholipids, which have
a polar head containing a phosphate and a
nonpolar part containing long hydrocarbon tails.

7.7 Transport Across Cell Membranes,
Continued
The arrangement of the cell membrane is shown
in the following figure.

Continued
• Ions, nonpolar molecules, and polar molecules
move across cell membranes in different ways.
• There are three forms of transport across
membranes:
1. Passive diffusion is simple diffusion. It does
not require energy. Small molecules and
nonpolar molecules like O2, N2, and CO2 use
this process.
2. Facilitated transport occurs when small
molecules and ions pass through a channel
formed by integral membrane proteins. It
does not require energy.

Continued
3. Active transport occurs when ions and

small molecules move across the membrane
in the opposite direction of diffusion. They
require the assistance of a protein channel or
pump. Energy expenditure in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required.

Continued

Chapter Summary
• Solutions form when a solute dissolves in

solvent.
• Particles of solutes are evenly distributed.
• A solute and a solvent may be a liquid, a solid,
or a gas.
• Solutions are transparent.
• Mixtures that have particles suspended in a
solution are called colloids. They are not
transparent. Particles will settle upon standing.
Chapter Summary, Continued
• Solvation occurs when solute particles are
surrounded by solvent molecules and are
interacting through attractive intermolecular
forces.
• Saturated solutions contain the maximum
amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.
• A saturated solution reaches an equilibrium
where the rate of dissolving and reforming
crystals is the same.
• An increase in temperature increases the
solubility of most solutes in water, but decreases
the solubility of gases in water.
• Substances that release ions in solution are

called electrolytes because they conduct
electricity.
• Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in
water.
• Weak electrolytes partially dissociate in water.
• Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in
water, but do not dissociate and do not conduct
an electrical current.
7.3 Chemical Equations for Solution Formation,

Continued
• The amount of dissolved ion in fluids is

expressed by a unit known as an equivalent.
• The number of equivalents present per mole of

an ion is equal to the charge on that ion.

7.4 Concentrations
• Concentration is the amount of solute dissolved
in a given amount of solution.
• Fluid replacement solutions are expressed as
mEq/L or in mmole/L.
• Molarity is the number of moles of solute per
liter of solution.
• Other concentrations are: percent mass/volume;
percent mass/mass, and
percent volume/volume. Parts per million and
parts per billion are used to express very dilute
solutions.
7.5 Dilution
When a solute is diluted, the amount of solute stays

the same, and the volume increases. As a result,
the concentration of the solute decreases.

• During osmosis, water passes through a

semipermeable membrane from a solution of
lower concentration to a solution of higher solute
concentration.
• The osmotic pressure exerted on the membrane
is directly related to the number of water
molecules pushing against the membrane.
• Isotonic solutions have osmotic pressures equal
to those of bodily fluids.
• Cells maintain their volume in an isotonic

solution. They will lyse in a hypotonic solution
and shrink (crenate) in a hypertonic solution.
• During dialysis, water and small molecules pass

through a membrane in a related process called
diffusion. Large particles do not pass through
the membrane.

• A semipermeable membrane separates the

contents of a cell from the external fluids.
• Membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer of
phosholipids. The inside of the bilayer is
nonpolar, while the exterior of the bilayer is
polar.
• Molecules are moved in and out of the cell by
three transport processes known as passive
transport, facilitated transport, and active
transport.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: An Integrated Approach

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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: An Integrated Approach

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Chapter 7 Lecture

General, Organic, and Biological

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

7.1 Solutions Are Mixtures

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 2

• A homogeneous mixture, such as a glass of tea,

• Solutions consists of at least one substance,

• Components of a solution do not react with one

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 3

• Solute is the substance present in the smallest

• Solvent is the substance present in the greatest

• When sugar is added to a glass of iced tea,

• Sugar, once dissolved in a glass of iced tea, will

Properties of solutions are as follows:

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 5

Phases of Solutes and Solvents

• In addition to a solution made by adding a solid

• For example, the air we breath is a solution in

• Metals, like brass, can be a solution of solids in

• Brass is an alloy of the solute zinc in the solvent

• The solute and solvent can either be a solid,

• Aqueous solutions are solutions in which water

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 7

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 8

• Some solutions appear to be solutions, but are

• Colloids are solutions of undissolved particles

• Particles in a colloid must be between 1 and

• Particles greater than 1000 nanometers in

• Blood is considered a suspension. Blood cells

• Blood cells can be separated by centrifugation,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 11

• Recall the golden rule of solubility, like dissolves

Factors Affecting Solubility and Saturated

• The maximum amount of a solute that can

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 13

• An unsaturated solution does not contain the

• A saturated solution contains all the solute that

• If more solute is added to a saturated solution,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 14

• At equilibrium, the rate of dissolving solute is the

• The equilibrium rates can be represented by the

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 15

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 16

• There are conditions in our body that result in

• Gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in soft

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 17

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 18

Solubility and Temperature

• Most solids dissolve in water when the

• Solubility can manipulated by changing the

• As temperature increases in a solution

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 19

• For example, if an unopened soda can is left in a

• Solubility of a gas in a solution is related to

• Solubility of a gas dissolved in water decreases

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 20

Solubility and Pressure—Henry’s Law

• Pressure affects the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

• Henry’s law states that the solubility of a gas in

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7 21

• An example of Henry’s law is demonstrated

• The hissing sound made when a soda is opened

The amount of carbon dioxide that was