Piping components

03-Okt-2013

Offshore Piping Design Part

0. Contents

1. Classification on base material

2. Pipe
3. Fitting
4. Fitting
5. Flange
6. Classification of valve
7. Valve
8. Specialty item

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 Pipe

Classification base on material

Piping component

Metallic Non-Metallic Lined

Ferrous Non-Ferrous PE Lined PP Lined

(Polyethylene) (Polypropylene)

Copper Aluminum Nickel Titanium

alloy alloy alloy

Cast iron Carbon steel Stainless steel GRP CPVC

(Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride )

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Pipe

10” STD Pipe

(254.46 mm)
(273 mm)
OD

ID

NPS : Nominal Pipe Size, DN : Nominal diameter (metric)

OD : Outside Diameter
ID : Inside Diameter

The size of pipe is identified by the nominal pipe size(NPS) or nominal bore(NB). The manufacture of pipe is base
on outside diameter which is standardized. (Outside diameter stays constant)

In American standard, the pipes are covered under

- ASME B36.10 welded and seamless wrought steel pipe

- ASME B36.19 stainless steel pipe
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 Pipe

ASME B36.10M

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 Pipe

ASME B36.19M

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 Pipe Joint

Butt-Weld Joint

Usage : For most process, utility and service piping

Especially for line size 2” and above

Advantage of joint : Most practical way of joining larger

pipes and fitting which offer reliable, leakproof joint

Disadvantage of joint : Intruding weld metal may affect flow

How joint is made : the end of pipe is beveled. Fitting are

similarly beveled by the manufacturer. The two parts are
aligned, properly gapped, tack welded, and then a continuous
weld is made to complete the joint.

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 Pipe Joint

Socket-Welded Joint

Usage : For most utility and chemical service piping

Especially for line size 1 1/2” and below

Advantage of joint : Easier alignment on small lines than

butt’ welding. Tack welding is unnecessary
No weld metal can enter bore
Joint will not leak, when properly made

Disadvantage of joint : 1/16”(1.5 mm) recess in joint for

thermal expansion which might be liquid pocket.

No use in service subjected to vibration or crevice corrosion

is anticipated

How joint is made : the end of pipe is finished flat, It is

located in the fitting, valve, flange, etc., and a continuous fillet
weld is made around the circumference.

Thread fittings have pressure class designations (2000, 3000,

6000, 9000).

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 Pipe Joint

Socket-Welded Joint

Socket welding and Thread fittings have pressure class designations (2000, 3000, 6000, 9000). : ASME B16.11.

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 Pipe Joint

Screwed Joint

Usage : rarely used in offshore process piping but especially

for instrument air and utility air line which is galvanizing plated
to avoid damage from welding heat

Advantage of joint : Easily made from pipe and fitting on

site.
Minimizes fire hazard when installing piping in area where
flammable gases or liquid are presented

Disadvantage of joint : No use in service subjected to

severe erosion, crevice corrosion, shock, or vibration is
anticipated nor at temperatures over 925 F(496 C). (ASME
B31.1)
Possible leakage of joint seal welding may be required
Strength of the pipe is reduced, as forming the screw thread
reduces the wall thickness

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 Pipe Joint

Type of thread

NPT thread(ASME B1.20.1)

NPT National Pipe Taper American Standard Pipe Taper Thread

NPSC National Pipe Straight Coupling American Standard Straight Coupling Pipe Thread
NPTR National Pipe Taper Railing American Standard Taper Railing Pipe Thread
NPSM National Pipe Straight Mechanical American Standard Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread
NPSH National Pipe Straight Hose American Standard Straight Locknut Pipe Thread
NPTF National Pipe Tapered Fuel American Standard Pipe Thread Tapered (Dryseal)
BSPP British Standard Pipe Parallel British Standard Pipe Thread Parallel
BSPT British Standard Pipe Taper British Standard Pipe Thread Tapered

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 Pipe Joint

Flanged Joint

Usage : Common way to connect vessel, equipment, valve

and inline instrument to be dismantled for maintenance.

How joint is made : Flanged joints are made by bolting

together two flanges with gasket between them to provide
seal.

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Fitting

End connection : Butt’ weld

Classification of fitting Fitting

Socket weld
Screwed
Flanged

Elbow Tee Cap Reducer Coupling Swage Nipple Union O-let

45 90 Concentric Eccentric
Elbow Elbow Reducer Reducer

Equal Reducing Full Reducing Weldolet Sockolet Threadolet

Tee Tee Coupling Coupling

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Fitting

10” 90 deg LR Elbow STD Wall thickness ?

Long Radius Elbow Short Radius Elbow

A=1.5 x NPS A=1 x NPS

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Fitting

45 deg. Elbow 90 deg. Elbow

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Fitting

10” X 6” Reducing tee XS – STD wall thickness?

Equal Tee Reducing Tee

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Fitting

1. Cap

Cap

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Fitting

10” X 6” Eccentric Reducer XS – STD wall thickness?

Concentric Eccentric
Reducer Reducer

Bottom flat

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Fitting

Full Reducing
Coupling Coupling

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Fitting

Swage

PBE : plain both end PLE : plain larger end

PSE : Plain small end BLE : Bevel large end
TBE : thread both end TLE : thread large end

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Fitting

Unions are used in low pressure piping, small bore piping(1 ½” below) where dismantling of the pipe is
required more often, as an alternative to flange.
It is usually not recommend to use in offshore plant by difficulties in proof no leakage.
Union can be with threaded end or with socket weld ends. There are three pieces in a union. Two end
piece to attach to the run pipe and the third threaded piece to connect these two. The ball type metal
seating ensure sealing
Union

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Fitting

Weld-olet Socket-olet Thread-olet

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 Flange

Classification base on pipe joint

10” WN Flange #150 R.F STD wall thickness?

Slip-on Socket Welding Thread

Flange Flange Flange

Welding Neck
Flange

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 Flange

Classification base on flange face

Flat face : use in when the counter flanges are flat face. Flat face Raised face
This condition occurs mainly on connection to cast iron
equipment and non metallic flange. This is partially applied
flange rating #150 especially for GRP piping system.
Gasket : Non metallic gasket is inserted to seal.

Raised face : used in most of piping system within flange

rating #150 ~ #600.
Gasket : Metallic spiral wound gasket

Ring joint face : most efficient for high temperature and high-
pressure service. It is adopted for rating #900 and above. Ring joint face Lap joint
Gasket : Metallic Octagonal or Oval ring gasket

Lap joint : is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The

combination of flange and stub end presents similar geometry
of the raised face flange and can be used where severe
bending stresses will not occur.
Or costly pipe such as copper nickel is used. Ring flange can
be made of carbon steel.

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Flange

Spade and spacer

The system is required to be positive isolated for maintenance for
vessel and equipment. A line is positively isolated by either inserting
a spade between two flanges, swinging a spectacle/blind or installing
a blind flange on the end of a flange.

Blind flange

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Classification of valve base on function

Valve

Isolation Regulation Non-return Special purpose

Gate Ball Piston Diaphragm Butterfly Check Multi-port

Knife Gate
Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve
Valve

Globe Needle Butterfly Diaphragm

Valve Valve Valve Valve

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 Valve

Gate valve
Gate Valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when
a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum flow restriction are
needed. In service, these valves generally are either fully open or
fully closed.
The disk of a gate valve is completely removed when the valve is
fully open; the disk is fully drawn up into the valve bonnet. This
leaves an opening for flow through the valve at the same inside
diameter as the pipe system in which the valve is installed.

Advantages of using gate valves:

•Good shutoff features
•Gate Valves are bidirectional and therefore they can be used in two
directions
•Pressure loss through the valve is minimal
(Wedge)
The major drawbacks to the use of a gate valve are:
•They can not be quickly opened or closed
•Gate Valves are not suitable for regulate or throttle flow
•They are sensitive to vibration in the open state

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 Valve

Ball valve
A ball valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve that uses a ball-
shaped disk to stop or start flow. If the valve is opened, the ball
rotates to a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the
valve body inlet and outlet. If the valve is closed, the ball is rotated
so that the hole is perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve
body and the flow is stopped.

Advantages of using ball valves:

•Quick quarter turn on-off operation
•Tight sealing with low torque
•Smaller in size than most other valves

Disadvantages of ball valves:

•Conventional ball valves have poor throttling properties
•In slurry or other applications, the suspended particles can settle
and become trapped in body cavities causing wear, leakage, or valve
failure.

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Valve

Piston valve
Piston valves resemble in construction more towards a globe valve and are used for shut off and regulation.
This valve provide positive shut off.

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 Valve

Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve, that is
used to stop, regulate, and start flow. Butterfly valves are easy and
fast to open. A 90° rotation of the handle provides a complete
closure or opening of the valve. Large Butterfly valves are usually
equipped with a so-called gearbox, where the hand-wheel by gears
is connected to the stem. This simplifies the operation of the valve,
but at the expense of speed.

Advantages of butterfly valves

•Compact design requires considerably less space, compared to
other valves
•Light in weight
•Quick operation requires less time to open or close
•Available in very large sizes
•Low-pressure drop and high-pressure recovery

Disadvantages of butterfly valves

•Throttling service is limited to low differential pressure
•Cavitation and choked flow are two potential concerns
•Disc movement is unguided and affected by flow turbulence

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 Valve

Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm is pushed into contact with the bottom of the valve
body to provide shut-off. Diaphragm valves are excellent for
controlling the flow of fluids containing suspended solids and
offer flexibility of being installed in any position. The application of
valves are food processing and water treatment industries.

Manual diaphragm valves are ideal for flow control by offering a

variable and precise opening for controlling pressure drop through
the valve.

Advantage
Leak proof seal for tight shut-off.
Easy maintenance for diaphragm

Disadvantage
Limitation in moderate temperature range and pressure service by
mechanical properties of diaphragm materials.

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 Valve

Globe valve
A conical plug moves in and out of the fluid

Can be used for shutoff as well as throttling

(flow restriction to cause a drop in pressure) in
high pressure drop and temperature
applications

Easier to repair but more pressure drop than a

gate or plug valve

Positive Features – Recommendations

1) Recommended for throttling applications
2) Positive bubble-tight shutoff when equipped with
resilient seating
3) Good for frequent operation
Disadvantages
1) Significant pressure drop due to flow path
2) More costly than alternate valves

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 Valve

Check valve
Check valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or
gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

Check valves are "automatic" valves that open with forward flow and close with reverse flow. The pressure of the
fluid passing through a system opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Exact operation will
vary depending on the type of check valve mechanism. Most common types of check valves are swing, lift (piston
and ball), wafer check valve.

Swing check valve Wafer check valve Piston check valve

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 Specialty item

Strainer

Y strainer T strainer Con strainer

It is Inserted in lies immediately upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers collect solid particles in the approximate
size range 0.02 ~ 0.5 inch, which can be separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer screen.
Typical locations for strainers are before a control valve, pump, turbine.

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

A pressure relief valve is a safety device designed to protect a pressurized vessel or system during an
overpressure event. An overpressure event refers to any condition which would cause pressure in a
vessel or system to increase beyond the specified design pressure or maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP).

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

Conventional Pressure Relief Valves(Spring loaded)

The basic spring loaded pressure relief valve has been

developed to meet the need for a simple, reliable,
system actuated device to provide overpressure
protection.
When system pressure reaches the desired opening
pressure, the force of pressure acting over disk
equals the force of the spring, and the disc will lift
and allow fluid to flow out through the valve. When
pressure in the system returns to a safe level, the
valve will return to the closed position..

Advantages
Most reliable type if properly sized and operated
Versatile -- can be used in many services

Disadvantages
Relieving pressure affected by back pressure
Susceptible to chatter if built-up back pressure is too
high

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

Pilot-Operated Pressure Relief Valves

Pilot operated pressure relief valves consist of a main
valve with piston or diaphragm operated disc and a pilot.
Under normal operating conditions the pilot allows system
pressure into the piston chamber. Since the piston
area is greater than the disc seat area, the disc is held
closed. When the set pressure is reached, the pilot
actuates to simultaneously vents the piston chamber. This
causes the disc to open.

They only open the main valve enough to keep the system at
set pressure which leads to less wasted product being
relieved through the valve.•

Less noise generated by the valve when it is required to

relieve.

Apart from these operational advantages there are many

physical advantages of using a pilot valve:
• More compact compared to conventional spring loaded
relief valves.
• Weigh less than conventional spring loaded relief valves
for comparable valve sizes.

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Flow element

Restriction orifice
Orifice plate is a thin plate with an orifice in the middle. It is
placed in a pipe where the volumetric flow measurement
needs to be done. When the fluid flows through the orifice in
the orifice plate, fluid velocity changes and according to
Bernoulli’s equation pressure also changes. By measuring
the difference between pressure values immediately before
and after the orifice plate, volumetric flow calculation can be
done.

Installation Considerations

Required straight run for Upward is 15D, for Downward is 5D

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Flow element

Recommended orifice and DP transmitter configuration

Gas Liquid

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Flow element

An electromagnetic flowmeter operate on Faraday's law of

Electromagnetic flowmeter electromagnetic induction that states that a voltage will be
induced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field.

The liquid serves as the conductor and the magnetic field is

created by energized coils outside the flow tube.
The voltage produced is directly proportional to the flow
rate. Two electrodes mounted in the pipe wall detect the
voltage which is measured by a secondary element.
Electromagnetic flowmeters can measure difficult and
corrosive liquids and slurries, and they can measure flow in
both directions with equal accuracy.
Electromagnetic flowmeters have a relatively high power
consumption and can only be used for electrical conductive
fluids as water.

Installation Considerations

This flowmeter shall be installed in an area with full of flow.

Required straight run of Upstream is 5D and down stream is
2D.

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Flow element

Vortex flowmeter

When Resistor (Vortex shedder) is installed in Flow, Karman vortex

shall be generated in the back side.
Vortex shedding frequency is proportionate to Fluid velocity and
measures Flow rate.

Installation Considerations
Required straight run of Upstream is 10D and down stream is 5D.

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Flow element

Direct Mass flow meter

It is also called Inertial flow meter and Coriolis flow meter. It measures Mass flowrate by using Corioli’s effect.
There are Curved tube (Vibration) and Straight tube type (Oscillation).

Installation Considerations
The best direction for installing is Vertical upward.
No requires as straight run

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Flow element

Turbine flowmeter
The primary element consists of a multi-bladed rotor which is mounted at right angles to the flow and suspended in
the fluid stream on a free-running bearing. The diameter of the rotor is slightly less than the inside diameter of the
flowmetering chamber, and its speed of rotation is proportional to the volumetric flowrate.

The speed of rotation of the turbine may be determined using an electronic proximity switch mounted on the
outside of the pipework, which counts the pulses

Installation Considerations
Required straight run of Upstream is 10D and down stream is 5D.

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Flow element

Ultrasonic flowmeter
A pair of transducers are installed on the outer surface of the pipe as shown in the diagram. Each transducer works
alternatively as both transmitter and receiver of ultrasonic signals.
When the ultrasonic signal is transmitted toward the upstream side against the flow direction, more propagation
time is required (T1). On the other hand, when it is transmitted toward the downstream side with the flow direction,
the propagation time is less (T2). That is, the signal is delayed or speeded up by the moving fluid. The difference in
time between "T1" and "T2" is proportional to the flow velocity, and the flow volume can be calculated by
multiplying it by the cross-sectional area, which is obtained by using the pipe diameter and wall thickness.

Installation Considerations
Required straight run for Upward is 20D, for Downward is 5D

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 SDV/BDV(Shut down /blow down valve)

A shut down valve (also referred to as SDV or Emergency shutdown valve, ESV, ESD, or ESDV) is an actuated valve designed
to stop the flow of a hazarous fluid or external hydrocarbons (gases) upon the detection of a dangerous event.

A blow down valve is to open flow through depressurization system such as flare

During plant normal condition, there will be electrical current flows through the instrument loop. When trip/shutdown is
required, the loop will be de-energized.
During plant normal condition (pressure is lower than HiHi setting) the switch contact is closed and enables current flow within
the loop. Likewise, the solenoid of SDV is energized by electrical power to allow air supply stroking the SDV and then forcing it
in open position.

Normal condition, Valve is open and valve position is made by air supply into chamber in actuator which is compressing the
spring. When shutdown is required, solenoid valve is de-energized and shut off the air into air chamber. Valve is closed.

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