STATISTICS & PROBABILITY CARILYN T.

ALVAREZ
 ANSWERED BY A PIECE OF INFORMATION
How old is your teacher?
How many days are there in December?
What is the weight of my smallest classmate?
NEEDS OBSERVATIONS OR DATA OR REQUIRED
MORE INFORMATION
How old are the people residing in our town?
Do dogs eat more than cats?
Does it rain more in our country than in Thailand?

How
How many
old
Does How
it
What days
are
rain old
theare
is
more inthere
people
yourour in
teacher?December?
residing
country
Do dogs eat more than smallest
is the weight of my in ourin
than
cats?
town?
thailand?
classmate?
STATISTICS
The scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
collection, organization or presentation, analysis and interpretation
of data.
main use is in decision-making.
BASIC STEPS IN RESEARCH:
1. Collection
2. Organization/presentation
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation of data
STATISTICS
enables us to:
characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
Explain relationships among variables;
Formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and more
importantly
Make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
 STATISTICAL PROCESS IN SOLVING A PROBLEM
Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical questions
Collecting data as required in the plan
Verifying the quality of the data
Summarizing the information
Examining the summary for decision-making
HISTORY OF STATISCS

German, “Statik” and Latin, “Status”, which means state.

 Developed from government records
 In Egypt, government prepared registration list of all heads of the families.
 In ancient Judea and Rome, used in census of the population
 MAJOR AREAS OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
Summary of calculations, graphical and
tabular displays and describing
important features of a set of data.
Making generalizations for a bigger
group of observations based on
information gathered from a small group
of observation

Gathered random sample, experiment,

survey, prediction, estimation or
conclusion
 DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL?
The average of the students in your math class is 15 years.
DESCRIPTIVE
The enrollment of the third year high school this year shows 54% are male.
DESCRIPTIVE
Teaching Trigonometry through computer methods is more effective than teaching
it through lecture method.
INFERENTIAL
By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run short of water (World Future Society)
INFERENTIAL
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER

POPULATION is the collection of all elements in a study.

SAMPLE is a part or a portion of the population selected for
study.
PARAMETER is any numerical or nominal characteristics of a
population. It is the value obtained from a POPULATION.
STATISTICS is an estimate of the parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a SAMPLE.
 SAMPLE SAMPLE

POPULATION
Use statistics to
summarize features
Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample

 PARAMETER OR STATISTICS?
A sample of students is selected, and the average age is 15.7 years.
STATISTICS
After checking the computer records fro every commercial movie made last
year, the longest running time was found to be 187 minutes.
PARAMETER
Among the mayors who were surveyed, 30 of them were found to be
members of the National Party.
STATISTICS
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER
CENSUS is the collection of data from every element in a population.
UNIT is an individual object or person in the population.
N denotes the size of the population.
n denotes the size of the sample.
VARIABLE is a characteristic or property of a population or sample
which makes the members different from each other.
EXAMPLES: Gender, Age, Eye, Color; Religion
DATA (datum) are facts, or sets of information or observations under
study.
EXAMPLES: Gender-Male; Age-28 years old
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER
Independent Variable is one which affects or influences the
dependent variable.
Dependent Variable is a variable which is affected or influenced
by another variable.
Intervening Variable is an attribute or characteristics that “stands
between” the independent and dependent variables and exercises
an influence on the dependent variable apart from the
independent variable.
FOUR TYPES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
1. MEASURED VARIABLE
An independent variable that is measured in a study.
A categorical or continuous variable that is measured or observed in the
study.
Use in experiment and surveys.
examples:
age of a child;
performance on a test;
attitudes assessed on a survey
FOUR TYPES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
2. CONTROL VARIABLE
 A special type of independent variable that is of secondary interest and
is neutralized through statistical or design procedures.
 A variable not directly measured but controlled through statistical or
research design procedures.
Use in experiments and correlational studies
Examples:
Often demographic variables such as:
Age
Gender
Race
Socio economic level
FOUR TYPES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
3. TREATMENT VARIABLE
 An independent variable manipulated by the researcher.
 a categorical variable actively manipulated by the researcher
and composed of two or more groups.
Use in experiments
Examples:
Classroom learning:
One group receives standard lecture and one group receives discussion.
Researcher assigns students to groups and thus manipulates group
membership
FOUR TYPES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
4. MODERATING VARIABLE
 A special type of independent variable that is of secondary interest
and combines with another independent variable to influence the
dependent variable.
 a categorical or continuous variable measured or observed as it
interacts with other variable.
Use in experiments
Examples:
Demographic variable: age, gender, race, or socioeconomic level
Measured variable: performance or attitude;
Manipulated variable; classroom instruction
EXAMPLE:
INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

WOOD;
RUBBER;
 Types of Data
(Variable)

Quantitative data are dataValues

which are data are data which can
Qualitative
Qualitative
numerical obtained
in nature. Theseassumes Quantitative
are datavalues that manifest the concept
through
obtained through counting and the or attributes.
measuring. process of
counting.
Values are obtained
through the process
Discrete Continuous
of measuring.
 QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
Percentage
The
Player’s scores
telephone
Unit
Daily of of
numbers class
ininainJune.
cellphone.
temperature
Religious
numbers affiliation.
in baseball anteam
exam.
directory.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
 DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
A
A science
The teacher
weight
statistic found
of newborn
teacher outbabies
counts that
3 onat
theafirst
students local
are , absent.
the first paper
hospital.
was submitted in 39.627 minutes after the test started.
CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE
 KINDS OF MEASUREMENT SCALE
SCALE DEFINITION EXAMPLES
Categories only. Data can’t arrange in an Telephone numbers, blood
NOMINAL
ordering scheme. type, name of students
Categories are ordered, but differences can’t Military ranks, letter grades,
ORDINAL
be determined or they are meaningless. sizes of shirts
Differences between value are meaningful, but Temperature, time, year,
INTERVAL there is no natural starting point. Ratios are individual’s standing relation
meaningless. to class average.
Like interval scale, but there is a natural zero Weights, heights, distance
RATIO
starting point. Ratios are meaningful. travelled.
 DETERMINE THE MEASUREMENT SCALE
NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO
Religion classification Rank in the family Scores in the statistics quiz Monthly telephone bills
Gender Year Level Family income
racial origin

Monthly
Scores Family
inracial
Religion
Rank telephone
Gender
Year
the
in income
origin
familybills
Level
statistics
classification
the quiz