INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
ICT
isthe catch-all phase used to describe a range of
technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving,
processing, analyzing and transmitting information
particularly, the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect,
process, transmit and retrieve information.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

 Often called as Information Technology

(IT) – it is the technology required for
information processing
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Ancient times – no computer or calculator yet.

500BC – the Chinese

invented the ABACUS
considered to be the
first computer device,
which can perform
simple addition and
subtraction operation.
1617
John Napier, a Scottish mathematician,
invented the NAPIER’S BONE- a table of
logarithm made of ivory. This reduced the
complicated multiplication and division to
simple addition and subtraction.
1642
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician,
invented the PASCALINE – the first
mechanical calculating machine. This
performed simple addition and subtraction
and was capable of adding and subtracting
numbers up to 9 digits.
1694
Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz, a German
mathematician. His machine, the LIEBNIZ
MACHINE, consisted of a stepped cylinder
that could perform the four fundamental
operations and square root
1801
Joseph Marie Jaquard, a French weaver and
designer, devised the JAQUARD LOOM
which used hole –punched cards.
 1822

Charles Babbage, an
English mathematician and
is known to be the father of
modern computer, invented
the DIFFERENCE
MACHINE. This machine
was capable of computing
mathematical table and
solves polynomial equation.
 1833

Charles Babbage also

invented the
ANALITICAL MACHINE
designed to perform
complex mathematical
calculations. This was
considered to be the
first general purpose
computer.
1892
William Seward Burrough, an American
inventor, designed a key-driven machine that
produced a hardcopy. This was called
ADDING/CALCULATING MACHINE.
1896
Herman Hollerith, an American statistician
and founder of Tabulating Machine Company
(now IBM, International Business Machine)
invented the CENSUS MACHINE which
adopted the concept of Jacquard’s punched
card.
 First Generation Computer
Vacuum Tube (1939-1954)

- used vacuum tubes about (18,000 in

number) can do calculations of about
10,000 additions per second
1944
IBM invented the MARK
I or ASCC (Automatic
Sequence Controlled
Calculator) machine
that contains more than
15000 vacuum tubes
some of which are 3 feet
tall
 1945

John Presper Eckert, Jr.

and William Mauchly
from the University of
Pennsylvania invented
ENIAC (electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer) that had the
capacity to perform 5000
computations per
second.
1948
The IBM developed a more different
designed than the ENIAC- the SSEC
(Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator)

1949
Von Neumann presented EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the
first stored program electronic computer.
 Second Generation Computer
Transistor (1954- 1959)

-can perform 200,000 to 250,000

calculation per seconds.
 1950

Introduction of transistor.
This “three legged
magician” lead the way
to computer of greater
capacity and smaller
size
1958
Eckert, Jr. and Maunchy
again developed a machine –
the UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer) which
could perform 10000
computations per second.

The IBM again developed a machine that

could perform 100000 computations per
second and can store data internally. The
machine was the IBM 704.
 Third Generation Computer
IC (1959-1971)

– solid state of technology and integrated

circuit couple with extreme ministration.
 1959

- Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented

the first integrated circuit in 1959.
 1964
- Integrated circuits (ICs)
were introduced and
replaces the
transistorized circuitry.
ICs are square silicon
chips, which are amount
2mm thick and 5mm on
a side, contain circuitry
which perform the
function of hundred of
transistors.
 Fourth Generation Computer
Microprocessor (1971-1991)

- increased multiprogramming and virtual storage

memory .
 1971

 Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co.

patented the microprocessor
 Ted Hoff at Intel introduced the 4-bit 4004,
the world first computer on a chip
 IBM introduced the 8 inch “memory disk” and
later on called “floppy disk”
 1972

Intel introduces the 8008 microprocessor .

This is the improved version of 4004 with 8-
bits instead of 4 bits
 1975

Altair 8800 was

introduced, the first
personal computer
developed by Edward
Roberts
 1977

Introduction of Apple
II, Pet and the TRS
80, the world first
complete personal
computer
 Fifth Generation Computer
1980-present

- operating speeds of 3 to 5 million

calculations per second (for small scale
computers) and 10 to 15 million
calculation per second ( large scale
computer)
1991
www (World Wide Web was developed by
Tim Berners-Lee and release by CERN

1993
Mosaic, the first Web Browser
1994
Netscape Navigator was released

1996
Microsoft release much improved browser,
Explorer 3