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FORMATION EVALUATION

PET-378
CRN 2125
FALL 2018
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Name : Saif Ahmed Ali A14000488


Obaid AlKaabi A14000509

Instructor: Amar Shahed


Outline

■ Introduction
■ Objectives
■ Importance of formation evaluation
■ Data from formation evaluation
■ Permeability
■ Formation Damage Evaluation System
■ Data and Analysis
■ Conclusion
Introduction

■ Formation evaluation is the application used to explore and investigate hydrocarbon resources in
geological formation, as it should be conducted in an environmentally conscious manner.

■ Usually its carried by Petrophysicists.

■ Petrophysicists are engineers or geologists that specialize in the profession of formation evaluation

■ The process includes the acquisition of detailed and systematic data, in addition, gathering and
interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data while applying engineering principles.

3
Formation Evaluation Objectives
The primary objective of formation evaluation is to determine:

■ The size of a reservoir.

■ The quantity of hydrocarbons in place.

■ The reservoir's producing capabilities. The initial discovery of a reservoir lies squarely in the
hands of the exploration geologist using:

■ Seismic.

■ Gravity and magnetics studies

■ Other geologic tools


Why Formation Evaluation?

■ To evaluate hydrocarbons reservoirs and predict oil recovery.

■ To provide the reservoir engineers with the formation’s geological and physical
parameters necessary for the construction of a fluid-flow model of the reservoir.

■ Measurement of in situ formation fluid pressure and acquisition of formation fluid


samples.

■ In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation is used to


determine the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum.

5
Data from Formation Evaluation
We are interested from data:

– Rock Type

– Porosity

– Fluid Saturation (Volumes)

– Fluid Type

– Reservoir Structure

– Permeability (Ease of fluid flow within porous media)

– Reservoir Pressure (Drive)


Permeability
■ Permeability is important because it is a rock property that relates to the rate at which
hydrocarbons can be recovered. Values range considerably from less than 0.01 millidarcy
(md) to well over 1 darcy.

■ A permeability of 0.1 md is generally considered minimum for oil production. Highly


productive reservoirs commonly have permeability values in the Darcy range.
Formation Porosity

■ Formation porosity is estimated by visually inspecting rock cuttings, which requires a


sufficient description and classification of the rocks.
■ The requirement of rock fragments with intact pore systems eliminates the use of
this method when drilling poorly consolidated or unconsolidated sands and when bit
types
Formation Evaluation Tools

■ The Formation Evaluation Tools are:


■ - Coring
■ - Mud Logging
■ - Wireline Logging
■ - Electric Log
■ - Porosity Logs
■ - Lithology Logs (SP and Gamma Ray)
Tool Name Description

Coring One way to get more detailed samples of a formation is by


coring. Two techniques commonly used at present. The first
is the ”Whole Core" and the second one is “Sidewall Coring”
Mud Logging Mud logging is a well logging process in which drilling
mud and drill bit cuttings from the formation are evaluated
during drilling.
Wireline Logging The oil and gas industry uses wireline logging to obtain a
continuous record of a formation's rock properties.

Electric Log A wireline log of formation resistivity produced by a simple,


unfocused arrangement of current emitting and measure
electrodes.
Porosity Logs Neutron logs are porosity logs that measure the hydrogen ion
concentration in a formation.

Lithology Logs ( SP and Gamma Ray) There are two other tools, the SP log and the Gamma Ray log,
one or both of which are almost always used in wireline
logging and they are indispensable as additional guides to
FORMATION DAMAGE EVALUATION SYSTEM

■ The FDES-645 Formation Damage Evaluation


System is designed to perform tests on core to
determine changes in reservoir performance
characteristics.

■ The pressure control system including pumps,


valves, coreholder, and transducers are mounted on
a single cabinet. Operation of the system is
controlled through a PC-compatible computer.
SYSTEM
PARTS
Time (sec) P conf P up P down dP current dP Range dP high dP mid dP up-down
0 1377.5 74.27783 -1.63672 75.60938 -1 3.558563 -1.79566 75.60938
0 1377.378 74.15576 -1.75879 75.91455 -1 3.576874 -1.80054 75.91455
2 1376.584 70.67676 -1.63672 72.98486 -1 3.521942 -1.80787 72.98486

DATA
4 1377.256 68.78467 -2.125 71.94727 -1 3.509735 -1.80543 70.90967
6 1377.378 67.50293 -2.49121 70.11621 -1 3.491425 -1.80726 70.11621
8 1377.073 66.09912 -2.49121 68.59033 -1 3.558563 -1.8158 68.59033

AND
10 1376.829 64.08496 -2.06396 66.51514 -1 3.57077 -1.81336 66.14893
12 1376.157 63.35254 -2.97949 66.20996 -1 3.430389 -1.82008 66.20996
14 1376.218 62.98633 -2.125 65.11133 -1 3.418182 -1.81397 65.11133
16 1376.829 61.21631 -2.24707 63.95166 -1 3.491425 -1.81031 63.46338

ANALYSIS
18 1376.829 61.15527 -1.88086 63.70752 -1 3.418182 -1.8213 63.70752
20 1376.462 61.70459 -1.57568 63.28027 -1 3.399872 -1.81641 63.28027
22 1376.462 60.23975 -1.75879 62.66992 -1 3.424286 -1.80421 61.99854
24 1375.791 60.42285 -1.94189 62.36475 -1 3.528046 -1.8158 62.36475
26 1375.73 60.66699 -1.57568 62.24268 -1 3.34494 -1.80482 62.24268
28 1375.913 59.99561 -1.69775 61.38818 -1 3.473114 -1.80421 61.69336
30 1377.012 59.99561 -1.69775 61.32715 -1 3.4487 -1.80604 61.32715
32 1376.89 59.62939 -2.125 61.75439 -1 3.418182 -1.81092 61.75439
34 1376.523 60.97217 -2.55225 63.52441 -1 3.412079 -1.79871 63.52441
36 1376.035 59.56836 -2.06396 61.81543 -1 3.485321 -1.80116 61.81543
38 1376.035 60.91113 -2.24707 63.1582 -1 3.479218 -1.79871 63.1582
40 1376.34 61.09424 -1.51465 62.91406 -1 3.46701 -1.80604 62.60889
Experiment Results and Discussion

■ This experiment is used to operate formation evaluation system equipment and


utilities of FES 645 by correcting the sequences. It also performs a core sample
permeability test using the FES 645.
■ In order to calculate the permeability of a core sample we should use the Darcy
equation and the data used in the Darcy equation in getting the area of the core
sample, flow rate and the pressure and time for the permeability.
■ The experiment was used up to 458 seconds but in the table above we have taken
half of it due to the table being very long. This table represents the detailed
pressures, pump and temperature for all these minutes.
Conclusion
■ Formation evaluation helps to provide information about the wellbore including basic
parameters.
■ We also concluded the sequence of making the core analysis from the beginning to the end
to get the results.
■ We also used the evaluation system to find out the permeability of the formation and use
Darcy equation.
Thank you

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