Presenter: JUAN F. PUJOL, JR.

Sp. Questions on Ethics – Fr. John Vien Nguyen, M. Div., JCL

Contents

Introduction - Poverty as One of the

I Major Issues in the Philippines

Poverty Reduction in the Philippines

II

Thinkers and Philosophers, their Views on

III Poverty

IV Conclusion
 Introduction

Philippines had 0.7% annual poverty

reduction rate from the 1970s to the
1990s which was higher than its more
recent rate of 0.5%.”
According to
ADB
Why is the Philippines poor
considering that it was considered as
one of the fastest growing countries
in Asia in the 1970’s and a country
that is rich in natural resources?
Poverty - Introduction

Such statements like

“mahirap ang buhay
The words (life is hard),” “mahal
that come out ng Diyos ang mahihirap
of the mouth (God loves the poor),”
of the Filipino
shows “nakakatamad ang
araw na ito (this is a
lazy day)” are self-
fulfilling prophecies.
The negative disposition of the Filipino
Environmental Challenges and
Business Opportunities
 By the start of the 21st century, the earth was experiencing the
greatest period of:

•Human activity
and
specifically to Species Extinction
present and Humans are
arrangements threatened by
global climate
of modern change
industrial
society
Environmental Challenges and
Business Opportunities
 The major ethical question is:

What responsibilities do
contemporary businesses have
regarding the natural
environment?
Environmental Challenges and
Business Opportunities

The sustainable business success is measured

in terms of:
business and
1. economic
sustainable 2. ethical
economic 3. environmental
sustainability
development

Seek to create
Environmental Challenges and
Business Opportunities
 Fig. 1 The Natural Step’s Funnel
The environmental research and consulting
group The Natural Step uses an image of a
funnel, with two converging lines, to help
business understand the opportunities
available in the age of sustainability.
Business Ethics and Environmental
Values
 Deciding what we should do is the ultimate goal of
practical reason and our values are those standards
that encourage us to act one way rather than another.
Which values and decisions are
supported by a concern with the natural
environment?
Given this
objective, Why should we act on ways that protect
the environment from degradation?

Why should business be concerned with,

and value, the natural world?
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Market Approach
 From one perspective,
If the best approach to environmental concerns
is to trust them to efficient markets, then the
responsible business manager simply ought to
seek profits and allow the market to allocate
resources efficiently.

On the other hand, if government regulation is

a more adequate approach, then business
ought to develop a compliance structure to
ensure that it conforms to those regulatory
requirements.
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Market Approach
 There is a variety of market failures:

1. Environmental Pollution – air pollution,

groundwater contamination and depletion, soil
erosion, and nuclear waste disposal.

2. A second type of market failure occurs

when no markets exist to create a price for
important social goods – endangered species,
scenic vistas, rare plants and animals, and
biodiversity. These are environmental goods
that typically are not traded on open markets
or when they are, on black market.
Business Environmental Responsibility
The Market Approach
 There is a variety of market failures:

3. A third way in which market failures can

lead to serious environmental harm involves a
distinction between individual decisions and
group consequences. Consider the calculation:

Individual
An individual would
consumer decides
likely conclude that
on purchasing an
her decision will
SUV
make no difference.
 Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Market Approach
 Group consequences can lead to serious environmental
harm
Consumer 1
Consumer 2
Every consumer
decides on
purchasing an SUV
Consumer 3
Consequences
Consumer 4
Consumer 5 would be
significantly
different
13
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Market Approach

Such market failures raise serious concerns

for the ability of economic markets to
achieve a sound environmental policy.

First-generation problem is discovered

because of the existence of market failures.

Markets can work to prevent harm only

through information supplied by the
existence of market failures.
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Regulatory Approach
A broad consensus emerged in the United
States in the 1970s that unregulated
markets are an inadequate approach to
environmental challenges.

Instead, governmental regulations were

seen as the better way to respond to
environmental problems.

Much of the most significant environmental

legislation in the United States was enacted
during the 1970s.
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Regulatory Approach
 The laws enacted during the 1970s established
standards that effectively shifted the burden from:
threatened
Those
with harm

cause the
Those who

harm
would
Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Regulatory Approach
 Response to environmental problems

The Clean Air Act of 1970

Address Environmental
Problems
Federal Water Pollution Act of 1972

Endangered Species Act of 1973

17
 Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Regulatory Approach
 LEGISLATION PHILIPPINES - Environmental Law
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
Presidential Decree No. 1067 - The Water Code of the Phils.
Presidential Decree No. 1152 - Philippine Environment Code
Presidential Decree No. 705 - Revised Forestry Code of the Phils.
Presidential Decree No. 856 - Code on Sanitation of the Phils.
Presidential Decree No. 979 - Marine Pollution Decree of 1976
Republic Act No. 6969 - Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990
Republic Act No. 8749 - Clean Air Act of 1999
Republic Act No. 8749 - Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
 Business Environmental Responsibility:
The Regulatory Approach
 LEGISLATION PHILIPPINES - Environmental Law
Republic Act No. 8752 - The Anti-Dumping Act of 1999
Republic Act No. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Mgt Act of 2000
Republic Act No. 9147 - Wildlife Resources Conservation and
Protection Act
Republic Act No. 9275 - Clean Water Act
Republic Act No. 9512 - Environmental Awareness Act
Republic Act No. 9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Phils. of 2008
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147)
(2001)